Effects of Particle Size on Physicochemical and Nutritional Properties and Antioxidant Activity of Apple and Carrot Pomaces

Abstract

The food processing industry is growing rapidly and producing large amounts of by-products, such as pomaces, which are considered as no-value waste and cause significant environmental pollution. The main by-products of fruit juice processing companies are apple and carrot pomaces, which can be used to create new functional food products. In the present study, the effects of particle size (PS) on the proximate composition, nutritional properties, and antioxidant activity of apple pomace flour (APF) and carrot pomace flour (CPF) were determined. Four different PS fractions, PS > 1 mm, 1 > PS > 0.71 mm, 0.71 > PS > 0.18 mm, and 0.18 > PS > 0.075 mm were used for the present study. Their vitamin, carotenoid, organic acid, and reducing sugar contents were determined using HPLC. The proximate compositions of each PS fraction of the AP and CP flours were determined using recommended international standard methods. DPPH, FRAP, and Folin-Ciocalteu methods were used to measure their antioxidant activity and total phenolic compounds, respectively. The moisture content (around 12.1 mg/100 g) was similar in all PS fractions and in both flours. The APF had lower protein (4.3–4.6 g/100 g dw) and ash (1.7–2.0 g/100 g dw) contents compared to the CPF, with protein contents ranging from 6.4–6.8 g/100 g dw and ash contents ranging from 5.8–6.1 g/100 g dw. Smaller particles, regardless of flour type, exhibited higher sugar and phenolic contents and antioxidant activity, while vitamins were more abundant in particles larger than 1 mm. In the APF, larger particles had a higher fiber content than smaller particles, while their fat content was the lowest. PS also had an impact on the results of the carotenoid contents. This study underscores the direct impact of PS on the distribution of sugars, crude fiber, fat, carotenoids, vitamins, total phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity in pomaces.

Evaluating the bioaccessibility and antioxidant activity of polyphenols extracted from vegetables by‐product

“…The ABTS •+ -RSA reported by Niemira and Galus (2024) for the beetroot pomace ranged between 146.00 and 258.00 mg/100 g, which was higher than the present investigation. Salari et al (2024) reported the FRAP in CP was consistent with the present report. The differences in the genotype of the sample, soil and mineral composition, agricultural practices, processing/ drying conditions, and extraction solvent & techniques might explain the variation in AOA.…”