Effects of Parental Leave Policies on Female Career and Fertility Choices

Yamaguchi, Shintaro

doi:10.2139/ssrn.2919016

Cited by 11 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Taking the structural approach, Yamaguchi () attempts to overcome these limitations. He constructs a model of employment and fertility choice using the structural dynamic discrete choice framework.…”

Section: Evidence From Japanmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Yamaguchi () estimates the structural model using the Japanese Panel Survey of Consumers 1993–2012. He shows evidence that the model fits the data in terms of the employment transition probabilities and the life‐cycle profiles of labour market and fertility outcomes.…”

Section: Evidence From Japanmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The expansion places women on leave for a longer period, but it does not increase their employment or earnings in the medium to long term. Yamaguchi () argues that the effects of job protection vary by the duration because the opportunity cost of working is very different before and after the child turns 1. When the child is younger than 1, the opportunity cost of work is very high, which makes job protection valuable for mothers.…”

Section: Evidence From Japanmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…She finds that these reforms had very little effect on maternal employment rates. Yamaguchi () estimates a structural model of female labour supply and fertility decisions by exploiting a series of policy changes from 1995 to 2007. The estimated model is used to conduct counterfactual simulations for evaluating a further PL reform.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Family Policies and Female Employment in Japan

Yamaguchi

2017

Jpn Econ Rev

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This paper discusses how childcare and parental leave policies affect female employment by reviewing the international evidence and recent papers on Japan. These papers estimate causal effects of policies by exploiting policy changes, which is a more credible identification strategy than those applied in earlier observational studies. The literature on parental leave finds that a more generous leave package tends to delay mothers' return to work, but it does not have detrimental effects on maternal labour supply in the medium to long run. Some papers also find that provision of job protection for around 1 year can increase maternal employment, but longer job protection has little additional effects. The literature on childcare policies finds that maternal employment does not necessarily increase, because the expansion of childcare may crowd out informal childcare arrangements, such as care provided by grandparents. Findings by recent papers on Japan are largely consistent with the international evidence. JEL Classification Numbers: J13, J21, J24.

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Section: Evidence From Japanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Evidence From Japanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Evidence From Japanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Family Policies and Female Employment in Japan

Yamaguchi

2017

Jpn Econ Rev

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“…While we do not control for treatment status at other ages, the treatment and control groups exhibit very different childcare enrollment patterns over time. At 6 months of age, few children are enrolled in childcare regardless of treatment status because many Japanese mothers are entitled to job-protected leave until their child reaches 1 year of age (see Asai (2015) and Yamaguchi (2016)). Many children begin attending childcare from the age of 1½ years.…”

Section: Treatment Variablementioning

confidence: 99%

How Does Early Childcare Enrollment Affect Children, Parents, and Their Interactions?

2017

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We estimate the effects of childcare enrollment on child outcomes by exploiting a staggered childcare expansion across regions in Japan. We find that childcare improves language development among boys and reduces aggression and the symptoms of ADHD among the children of low-education mothers. Estimates show that the improved child behavior is strongly associated with better parenting quality and maternal wellbeing. Evidence also suggests that promoting positive parenting practices is an important element of an effective childcare program. Our estimates for marginal treatment effects indicate that children who would benefit most from childcare are less likely to attend, implying inefficient allocation.

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Estimation of Discrete Choice Dynamic Programming Models

Kasahara

Shimotsu

2017

Jpn Econ Rev

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This study reviews estimation methods for the infinite horizon discrete choice dynamic programming models and conducts Monte Carlo experiments. We consider: the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE), the two-step conditional choice probabilities estimator, sequential estimators based on policy iterations mapping under finite dependence, and sequential estimators based on value iteration mappings. Our simulation result shows that the estimation performance of the sequential estimators based on policy iterations and value iteration mappings is largely comparable to the MLE, while they achieve substantial computation gains over the MLE by a factor of 100 for a model with a moderately large state space. JEL Classification Numbers: C13, C14, C63.

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Effects of Parental Leave Policies on Female Career and Fertility Choices

Cited by 11 publications

References 39 publications

Family Policies and Female Employment in Japan

Family Policies and Female Employment in Japan

How Does Early Childcare Enrollment Affect Children, Parents, and Their Interactions?

Estimation of Discrete Choice Dynamic Programming Models

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