Effects of paradoxical and self-control directives in counseling.

Lopez, Frederick G.; Wambach, Cathrine

doi:10.1037/0022-0167.29.2.115

Cited by 38 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Overall, few controlled studies exist with regard to the use of different interventions. The only randomized controlled trials that have implemented a motivational or volitional standpoint more directly include self-control (Lopez and Wambach, 1982; Davis, 1984), self-monitoring (Pfister, 2002), and goal-setting (Mühlberger and Traut-Mattausch, 2015; Muñoz-Olano and Hurtado-Parrado, 2017). In these cases, the idea has been to overcome procrastination by providing corrective feedback to the individual with regard to how time is being spent, removing distractions to prevent the pursuit of more immediate gratifications, or to increase motivation by manipulating the time frame of completion by using sub-goals, in line with the theoretical understanding of procrastination (Steel, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Targeting Procrastination Using Psychological Treatments: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

et al. 2018

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Background: Procrastination can be stressful and frustrating, but it seldom causes any major distress. However, for some people, it can become problematic, resulting in anxiety, lowered mood, physical complaints, and decreased well-being. Still, few studies have investigated the benefits of targeting procrastination. In addition, no attempt has previously been made to determine the overall efficacy of providing psychological treatments.Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted by searching for eligible records in Scopus, Proquest, and Google Scholar. Only randomized controlled trials comparing psychological treatments for procrastination to an inactive comparator and assessing the outcomes by a self-report measure were included. A random effects model was used to determine the standardized mean difference Hedge's g at post-treatment. Furthermore, test for heterogeneity was performed, fail-safe N was calculated, and the risk of bias was explored. The study was pre-registered at Prospero: CRD42017069981.Results: A total of 1,639 records were identified, with 12 studies (21 comparisons, N = 718) being included in the quantitative synthesis. Overall effect size g when comparing treatment to control was 0.34, 95% Confidence Interval [0.11, 0.56], but revealing significant heterogeneity, Q(20) = 46.99, p < 0.00, and I2 = 61.14%, 95% CI [32.83, 84.24]. Conducting a subgroup analysis of three out of four studies using cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) found an effect size g of 0.55, 95% CI [0.32, 0.77], and no longer showing any heterogeneity, Q(4) = 3.92, p = 0.42, I2 = 0.00%, 95% CI [0.00, 91.02] (N = 236). Risk of publication bias, as assessed by the Egger's test was not significant, z = −1.05, p = 0.30, fail-safe N was 370 studies, and there was some risk of bias as rated by two independent researchers. In terms of secondary outcomes, the self-report measures were too varied to present an aggregated estimate.Conclusions: Psychological treatments seem to have small benefits on procrastination, but the studies displayed significant between-study variation. Meanwhile, CBT was associated with a moderate benefit, but consisted of only three studies. Recommendations for future research are provided, including the use of more valid and reliable outcomes and a screening interview at intake.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Targeting Procrastination Using Psychological Treatments: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

et al. 2018

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“…Specifically, these measures included Academic Procrastination Scale (Milgram & Toubiana, 1999), Adult Inventory of Procrastination , Aitken Procrastination Inventory (Aitken, 1982), Decisional Procrastination Questionnaires (DPQI, DPQII; Mann, 1982;Mann, Burnett, Radford, & Ford, 1997), General Procrastination Scale (Lay, 1986), Procrastination Assessment Scale-Students (Solomon & Rothblum, 1984), Procrastination Log-Behavior (Lopez & Wambach, 1982), Procrastination Self-Statement Inventory (Grecco, 1984), Test Procrastination Questionnaire (Kalechstein, Hocevar, Zimmer, & Kalechstein, 1989), and Tuckman Procrastination Scale (Tuckman, 1991).…”

Section: Article Searchmentioning

confidence: 99%

The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure.

Steel¹

2007

Psychological Bulletin

2,252

158

2,535

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Procrastination is a prevalent and pernicious form of self-regulatory failure that is not entirely understood. Hence, the relevant conceptual, theoretical, and empirical work is reviewed, drawing upon correlational, experimental, and qualitative findings. A meta-analysis of procrastination's possible causes and effects, based on 691 correlations, reveals that neuroticism, rebelliousness, and sensation seeking show only a weak connection. Strong and consistent predictors of procrastination were task aversiveness, task delay, selfefficacy, and impulsiveness, as well as conscientiousness and its facets of self-control, distractibility, organization, and achievement motivation. These effects prove consistent with temporal motivation theory, an integrative hybrid of expectancy theory and hyperbolic discounting. Continued research into procrastination should not be delayed, especially because its prevalence appears to be growing.

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“…Although cognitive therapy approaches explain the role of negative beliefs about the self in the maintenance of procrastination (Ellis & Knaus, 1977;Lopez & Wambach, 1982;McCown & Silverman, 1986;Shoham-Saloman, Avner, & Neeman, 1989), they do not explain the mechanisms by which beliefs affect or control the cognitive processing of procrastinators. A number of recent theorists (Wells, 2000;Wells & Matthews, 1994;Wells & Purdon, 1999) have highlighted the limitations of ''content-based'' cognitive therapy approaches, suggesting a novel framework for conceptualizing cognition in psychological dysfunction that emphasizes metacognition (Wells & Matthews, 1994).…”

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confidence: 99%

Metacognitions, Emotions, and Procrastination

Spada¹,

Hiou²,

Nikčević³

2006

J Cogn Psychother

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The present study explored the relationships between metacognitions, negative emotions, and procrastination. A convenience sample of 179 participants completed the following questionnaires: General Procrastination Scale, Decisional Procrastination Scale, Meta-cognitions Questionnaire 30, Penn State Worry Questionnaire and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. A cross-sectional design was adopted and data analysis consisted of correlation and multiple regression analyses. One dimension of metacognitions was found to be positively and significantly correlated with behavioral procrastination. Four dimensions of metacognitions were found to be positively and significantly correlated with decisional procrastination. Positive and significant relationships were also observed between anxiety, depression and behavioral procrastination; and between anxiety, depression, worry, and decisional procrastination. Multiple regression analyses indicated that depression and beliefs about cognitive confidence independently predicted behavioral procrastination, and that depression and positive beliefs about worry independently predicted decisional procrastination. These preliminary results would seem to suggest that metacognitive theory may be relevant to understanding procrastination. P rocrastination is so common that it hardly seems problematic or worthy of significant scrutiny. However, people that present a chronic behavior of intentional inactivity report experiencing negative emotions because of their inability to complete tasks on time, meet deadlines, or make decisions on minor and major matters of life routine. A range of studies has shown that anxiety, depression, and worry are associated with procrastinatory behavior (Antony,

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Effects of paradoxical and self-control directives in counseling.

Cited by 38 publications

References 20 publications

Targeting Procrastination Using Psychological Treatments: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Targeting Procrastination Using Psychological Treatments: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure.

Metacognitions, Emotions, and Procrastination

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