Effects of Panax ginseng and ginsenosides on oxidative stress and cardiovascular diseases: pharmacological and therapeutic roles

Hyun, Sun Hee; Bhilare, Kiran D.; In, Gyo; Park, Chae-Kyu; Kim, Jong-Hoon

doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2021.07.007

Cited by 65 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…According to the manufacturing processing technique of ginseng, Panax ginseng can be divided into three types: white ginseng, red ginseng, and black ginseng ( Hyun et al, 2022 ). White ginseng is produced by dehydration in the sun without cooking, and red ginseng is steamed at 90–100°C for 2–3 h. Until now, red ginseng is mainly processed in Korea, which is also named Korea red ginseng (KRG).…”

Section: Neuroprotective Effects Of Ginseng and Ginsenosides In Ische...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review of Neuroprotective Effects and Mechanisms of Ginsenosides From Panax Ginseng in Treating Ischemic Stroke

Zhao

Liu²,

Yao

et al. 2022

Front. Pharmacol.

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Ischemic stroke has been considered one of the leading causes of mortality and disability worldwide, associated with a series of complex pathophysiological processes. However, effective therapeutic methods for ischemic stroke are still limited. Panax ginseng, a valuable traditional Chinese medicine, has been long used in eastern countries for various diseases. Ginsenosides, the main active ingredient of Panax ginseng, has demonstrated neuroprotective effects on ischemic stroke injury during the last decade. In this article, we summarized the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke and reviewed the literature on ginsenosides studies in preclinical and clinical ischemic stroke. Available findings showed that both major ginsenosides and minor ginsenosides (such as Rg3, Rg5, and Rh2) has a potential neuroprotective effect, mainly through attenuating the excitotoxicity, Ca2+ overload, mitochondria dysfunction, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, anti-inflammation, anti-oxidative, anti-apoptosis, anti-pyroptosis, anti-autophagy, improving angiogenesis, and neurogenesis. Therefore, this review brings a current understanding of the mechanisms of ginsenosides in the treatment of ischemic stroke. Further studies, especially in clinical trials, will be important to confirm the clinical value of ginseng and ginsenosides.

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Section: Neuroprotective Effects Of Ginseng and Ginsenosides In Ische...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…and minor ginsenosides (Rh1, Rh2, Rg3, Rg5, etc.) ( Hyun et al, 2022 ). According to the chemical structures, ginsenosides can be divided into protopanaxadiol (PPD), protopanaxatriol (PPT), and oleanolic acid.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Neuroprotective Effects and Mechanisms of Ginsenosides From Panax Ginseng in Treating Ischemic Stroke

Zhao

Liu²,

Yao

et al. 2022

Front. Pharmacol.

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“…The roots, leaves, and fruits of ginseng plants have been extensively used as herbal medicines. The antioxidant activity of ginseng is exploited to treat cardiovascular diseases ( Hyun et al, 2022 ). Interestingly, red ginseng has better antioxidant activity and is used to treat neurodegenerative diseases, gastroenteritis, liver damage, diabetes, and aging ( Lee et al, 2017a ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacological properties, molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential of ginsenoside Rg3 as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent

et al. 2022

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Inflammation and oxidative stress lead to various acute or chronic diseases, including pneumonia, liver and kidney injury, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, metabolic diseases, and cancer. Ginseng is a well-known and widely used ethnic medicine in Asian countries, and ginsenoside Rg3 is a saponin isolated from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, Panax notoginseng, or Panax quinquefolius L. This compound has a wide range of pharmacological properties, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, which have been evaluated in disease models of inflammation and oxidative stress. Rg3 can attenuate lung inflammation, prevent liver and kidney function damage, mitigate neuroinflammation, prevent cerebral and myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury, and improve hypertension and diabetes symptoms. The multitarget, multipathway mechanisms of action of Rg3 have been gradually deciphered. This review summarizes the existing knowledge on the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of ginsenoside Rg3, suggesting that ginsenoside Rg3 may be a promising candidate drug for the treatment of diseases with inflammatory and oxidative stress conditions.

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“…Many studies have shown that ginsenosides, the main active components in ginseng, have a positive effect on delaying aging and can effectively improve age-related cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease, as well as tumors ( Tangrodchanapong et al, 2020 ). These actions are closely related to their anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects and effects on mitochondrial homeostasis ( Hyun et al, 2022 ). Therefore, ginsenosides have the potential to be used as an alternative natural medicine for anti-aging and life-prolonging effects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on the Regulation and Molecular Mechanism of Panax Ginseng Saponins on Senescence and Related Behaviors of Drosophila melanogaster

Zhao

Liu

Zhang

et al. 2022

Front. Aging Neurosci.

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In an increasingly aged global population, achieving healthy life expectancy through natural and safe drug interventions is highly desirable. Here we show that total ginsenosides (TGGR), the main active components in the traditional Chinese medicine, ginseng, promote longevity across species. In Drosophila, an intriguing effect of TGGR on lifespan was the relatively narrow treatment window to elicit long-term benefits. TGGR administration during early adulthood, and especially during midlife, was sufficient to extend lifespan in both sexes. TGGR did not increase lifespan by reducing food intake or reproductive capacity; rather, TGGR increased the fertility of male Drosophila. TGGR augmented healthspan readouts associated with youth and with healthy aging, such as motility, intestinal barrier integrity, and biorhythm homeostasis. TGGR treatment also improved some types of stress resistance in both sexes, including increased tolerance to starvation and oxidation, and shifting “aged” gene expression patterns toward “healthy” patterns seen in the young. Gene expression, pharmacological and genetic epistatic analyses demonstrated that TGGR effects require normal expression of genes involved in insulin, TOR and MAPK signaling. The positive effects of TGGR on both healthspan and lifespan, coupled with its mechanism of action via evolutionarily conserved signaling pathways, demonstrate it to be a promising anti-aging drug.

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Effects of Panax ginseng and ginsenosides on oxidative stress and cardiovascular diseases: pharmacological and therapeutic roles

Cited by 65 publications

References 74 publications

A Review of Neuroprotective Effects and Mechanisms of Ginsenosides From Panax Ginseng in Treating Ischemic Stroke

A Review of Neuroprotective Effects and Mechanisms of Ginsenosides From Panax Ginseng in Treating Ischemic Stroke

Pharmacological properties, molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential of ginsenoside Rg3 as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent

Studies on the Regulation and Molecular Mechanism of Panax Ginseng Saponins on Senescence and Related Behaviors of Drosophila melanogaster

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