Effects of Palm Oil Mill Effluent on Reproductive Hormone of Female Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus 1758)

Abstract

I ndonesia has become the largest palm oil producer all over the world. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) noted that the total palm oil production of Indonesia in 2014 reached 29.27 million metric tons (FAO, 2016). Together with Malaysia, Indonesia was able to produce more than 85% of the world's palm oil (Jayed et al., 2011; Fitzherbert et al., 2008). One of the negative impacts arising from the existence of palm oil mill industry is the increased pollution from Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME), which can affect the aquatic environment (Alhaji et al., 2016). POME contains a high concentration of chemical oxygen demand (COD) ranging from 45,000-65,000 mg/L, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) ranging from 21,500-28,5000 mg/L and high total suspended solids (TSS) ranging from 15,660-23,560 mg/L (Wong et al., 2009; Chan et al., 2013). Bello et al. (2013) reported that oil and grease content in POME being as high as 4,000 mg/L with a pH between 3.4 and 4.7. High concentrations of COD and BOD harm aquatic organisms, for instance, decrease of oxygen consumption and cause of hypoxic condition (Maygaonkar et al., 2012; Verberk et al., 2016; Vithana et al., 2019). Oil and grease are considered as hazardous pollutants, particularly in the

Effect of exposure to palm oil mill effluent on reproductive impairment of male Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, Linnaeus 1758)

“…The spermatocrit value in the control was 84.4 ± 4.34% while in the treatment C was 49.22 ± 13.50% (Figure1). hormones in the process of gonad development [24,25,26]. In female fish, the impairment of performance from three hormones has an impact on the disruption of the process of vitellogenesis, cause low lipid content in egg yolks, shrinking the size of the egg diameter to cause low hatchability [27,28].…”

Correlation between Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Discharges at El-Manzala Wetland with the Relative Gene Expression of CYP19 Gene of the Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis. niloticus)

“…The existence of pollutant exposure results in reproductive hormone dysfunction, which influences the disruption of vitellogenin receptors in oocytes (Livak and Schmittgen, 2001). Disturbance of vitellogenesis is often related to injury to liver tissue (Muliari et al, 2019). The effects of pollutants on fish reproduction have been studied by numerous researchers who confirmed adverse effects on fish organs and mainly their reproductive abilities (Elmorsi et al, 2019).…”

TOKSISITAS TIMBAL (Pb) TERHADAP KESEHATAN IKAN

“…Efek yang ditimbulkan dapat merusak fungsi fisiologis dan struktur (Megawati, 2015). Meningkat nya kadar zat-zat pencemar yang berbahaya dapat menimbulkan toksik atau racun sehingga mengganggu proses kehidupan dan setelah mencapai kadar tertentu dapat mematikan hewan peliharaan (Zulfahmi et al, 2017); ; (Akmal et al, 2018d); (Muliari et al, 2019a); (Muliari et al, 2019b). Salah satu bahan pencemar yang dapat menimbulkan efek negatif bagi biota perairan adalah logam berat.…”