Effects of ozone treatment on the infectivity of hepatitis A virus

Vaughn, James M.; Chen, Yu-Shiaw; Novotny, James F.; Strout, Deborah

doi:10.1139/m90-097

Cited by 26 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…A previous study reported Ct 99.9% values ranging from 0.04 to 0.10 mg/liter ⅐ min for the inactivation of enteric adenovirus (33). In addition, an ozone concentration of 0.37 mg/ liter inactivated poliovirus by 3 log units within 10 s (29), and ozone at 1 mg/liter reduced hepatitis A virus by 5 log units within 60 s (36). In our experiment, the EFH model predicted a Ct 99.9% value of 1.18 mg/liter ⅐ min for MNV inactivation at pH 7 and 5°C.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Characterization of Ozone Disinfection of Murine Norovirus

Lim

Kim

Lee

et al. 2010

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Despite the importance of human noroviruses (NoVs) in public health, little information concerning the effectiveness of ozone against NoVs is available. We determined the efficacy of ozone disinfection using murine norovirus (MNV) as a surrogate of human NoV. MNV in ozone demand-free buffer was exposed to a predetermined dose of ozone at two different pHs and temperatures. The virus remaining in the solution was analyzed by plaque assay, real-time TaqMan reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) (short template), and long-template conventional RT-PCR. Under all conditions, more than 99% of the MNV was inactivated by ozone at 1 mg/liter within 2 min. Both RT-PCR assays significantly underestimated the inactivation of MNV, compared with that measured by plaque assay. Our results indicate that NoV may be more resistant to ozone than has been previously reported. Nevertheless, proper ozone disinfection practices can be used to easily control its transmission in water.Noroviruses (NoVs) are the major etiological agent of gastroenteritis in all age groups worldwide and are transmitted via a fecal-oral route (3,18,22,27,35). As important waterborne and food-borne pathogens, they are included on the U.S. EPA Contaminant Candidate List 3 (CCL 3) (7, 11). Water can be contaminated by NoV-containing feces released from either symptomatic or asymptomatic patients (26). High concentrations of the virus in fecal matter of infected people (ϳ10 9 viral particles/g of feces) (25), low infectious doses (Ͻ10 viral particles) (32), and high resistance to various environmental stresses (9, 21) contribute to the high prevalence of outbreaks caused by NoV. Proper disinfection of drinking and recreational water is necessary to prevent waterborne outbreaks (33).Among currently available analytical methods of virus cultivation, the plaque assay is the most convenient and commonly applied analytical method for determining virus inactivation by a disinfectant (6, 12). However, no conventional cultivation assays or convenient laboratory animal models have been available for human NoV. Thus, despite the importance of NoV in public health, limited information is available regarding the effectiveness of various disinfectants against NoV.Ozone (O 3 ), a strong oxidizing agent, has been widely used as a disinfectant in drinking water treatment plants in many European countries, receiving more attention after the discovery of potentially harmful chlorine by-products (37, 38). Owing to its high effectiveness and lack of residue after disinfection, ozone can be used for both surface and groundwater disinfection. Previously, a number of ozone disinfection studies of enteric viruses such as adenoviruses and enteroviruses have been reported (29,33). In all of these studies, ozone disinfection was determined by either plaque assay of feline calicivirus (FCV) or long-template (LT) reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) assay of human NoV. FCV, a member of the Caliciviridae family, is easily cultivated in vitro and has been commonly used as a surrogate of NoV (10, ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Characterization of Ozone Disinfection of Murine Norovirus

Lim

Kim

Lee

et al. 2010

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…The continuous ventilation in the biosafety cabinet and the glass of the lamp tube filtering out 185-nm-wavelength radiation prevented ozone formation in the air between the UV source and sample. The UV irradiation effect could have been confounded by that of ozone, which could dissolve in the sample virus suspension and be harmful to the viruses (13,15,37). The average UV intensity was about 1.60 to 1.70 mW/cm 2 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Capsid Functions of Inactivated Human Picornaviruses and Feline Calicivirus

Nuanualsuwan

Cliver

2003

Appl Environ Microbiol

160

135

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The exceptional stability of enteric viruses probably resides in their capsids. The capsid functions of inactivated human picornaviruses and feline calicivirus (FCV) were determined. Viruses were inactivated by UV, hypochlorite, high temperature (72°C), and physiological temperature (37°C), all of which are pertinent to transmission via food and water. Poliovirus (PV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) are transmissible via water and food, and FCV is the best available surrogate for the Norwalk-like viruses, which are leading causes of food-borne and waterborne disease in the United States. The capsids of all 37°C-inactivated viruses still protected the viral RNA against RNase, even in the presence of proteinase K, which contrasted with findings with viruses inactivated at 72°C. The loss of ability of the virus to attach to homologous cell receptors was universal, regardless of virus type and inactivation method, except for UV-inactivated HAV, and so virus inactivation was almost always accompanied by the loss of virus attachment. Inactivated HAV and FCV were captured by homologous antibodies. However, inactivated PV type 1 (PV-1) was not captured by homologous antibody and 37°C-inactivated PV-1 was only partially captured. The epitopes on the capsids of HAV and FCV are evidently discrete from the receptor attachment sites, unlike those of PV-1. These findings indicate that the primary target of UV, hypochlorite, and 72°C inactivation is the capsid and that the target of thermal inactivation (37°C versus 72°C) is temperature dependent.

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“…However, looking at the data based on the extended T 10 Ct method, it is clear that the viruses in general are susceptible to ozone at low Ct values (less than 0.1 (mg/L)-min) and there was no appreciable difference in sensitivity between them. This high susceptibility of viruses to ozone is also corroborated in numerous studies (Vaughn et al, 1987(Vaughn et al, , 1990Shin and Sobsey, 2003;Thurston et al, 2005) The ozone demand issue and a new approach (reduction equivalent concept)…”

Section: Ozone Inactivation Of Surrogates and Pathogenic Viruses In Wmentioning

confidence: 56%

Establishing Surrogate–Virus Relationships for Ozone Disinfection of Wastewater

SigmonCole¹,

ShinGwy-Am²,

MieogJohn³

et al. 2015

Environmental Engineering Science

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Safe reuse of wastewater requires high levels of pathogen inactivation. Ozone is a very effective disinfectant for viruses and has distinct benefits over other forms of disinfectants, in that it increases the clarity of water and can oxidize some chemical contaminants in water. However, because of the combination of high ozone demand of most wastewaters and rapid reaction with viruses, determination of ozone dose in wastewater and recycled water treatment is not well defined. While various surrogates are used as indicator organisms for human pathogenic viruses in water reuse practice, much less is known about the relationship between surrogates and human pathogenic viruses for ozone disinfection in wastewater. In this study, the ozone inactivation dose response of several surrogates (Escherichia coli, coliphage T1, T4, PRD-1, FX174, and MS2) and human pathogenic viruses (poliovirus 1, echovirus 11, coxsackievirus B5, and adenovirus 2) were compared for the first time in secondary effluent wastewater. A unique reduction equivalent dose method was proposed to compare the inactivation of the microorganisms studied across waters with varying ozone demand. Inactivation of all viruses and surrogates studied was greater than 4 log at ozone Ct levels of less than 1 (mg/L)-min. E. coli and PRD-1 were identified as conservative surrogates for indicating inactivation of human pathogenic viruses in ozone disinfection of wastewater, providing a tool for practitioners and regulators to confidently accept ozonation systems for virus inactivation in wastewater reuse.

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Effects of ozone treatment on the infectivity of hepatitis A virus

Cited by 26 publications

References 23 publications

Characterization of Ozone Disinfection of Murine Norovirus

Characterization of Ozone Disinfection of Murine Norovirus

Capsid Functions of Inactivated Human Picornaviruses and Feline Calicivirus

Establishing Surrogate–Virus Relationships for Ozone Disinfection of Wastewater

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