“…Like in mice, female rats emit more 50 kHz calls when sexually receptive (Thomas and Barfield, 1985 ; Matochik and Barfield, 1994 ; Bernanke et al, 2021 ; Lenell and Johnson, 2021 ) and males increase their calling rate in the presence of a receptive female (McGinnis and Vakulenko, 2003 ; Portfors, 2007 ) indicating the potential of USVs to modulate female mate choice. However, there has been controversy regarding the importance of male calls in female mate choice; while some studies support the importance of male calls (Thomas and Barfield, 1985 ; Gerson et al, 2019 ) eliciting female approach behavior (Seffer et al, 2014 ; Willadsen et al, 2014 ; Berg et al, 2018 , 2021 ; Kisko et al, 2018 , 2020 ), others found that females choose vocalizing vs. non-vocalizing males equally often (Snoeren et al, 2014 ). Despite the contradictory results, it is well accepted that female rats emit more calls when interacting with male vs. female conspecifics (White et al, 1993 ; Armas et al, 2021 ), probably signaling sexual motivation towards the male (Börner et al, 2016 ) and that male USVs can trigger female solicitation behavior (McIntosh et al, 1978 ), including ear wiggling and darting behavior.…”