Effects of Orientation, Intermittent Rest and Vehicle Cleaning During Transport on Development of Transport-related Respiratory Disease in Horses

Oikawa, Masa-aki; Hobo, Seiji; Oyamada, Toshifumi; Yoshikawa, Haruhisa

doi:10.1016/j.jcpa.2004.09.006

Cited by 28 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Generally, 344 it is better if familiar water and food are offered to the horses during the journey, as well as during 345 planned rest periods. It has been proven that increasing the resting time and cleaning the interior of the 346 truck during rest stops decreases transport stress and respiratory insults (Oikawa et al, 2005). 347…”

Section: Effect Of Fasting and Water Intake 328mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of the different transport phases on equine health status, behavior, and welfare: A review

Padalino

2015

Journal of Veterinary Behavior

106

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Section: Effect Of Fasting and Water Intake 328mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of the different transport phases on equine health status, behavior, and welfare: A review

Padalino

2015

Journal of Veterinary Behavior

106

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“…Pneumonia has been found in horses following long transportation (26 to 32 h: Ito et al, 2001; 37 to 49 h: Oikawa et al, 2005). This can be caused by mild pre-transport infections that develop into clinical disease as a consequence of transport (Raphel and Beech, 1982), or be caused by gasses and particles to which the horses are exposed during transport (Leadon et al, 1990;Hobo et al, 1995).…”

Section: Horsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Road transport of farm animals: effects of journey duration on animal welfare

Nielsen

Dybkjær

Herskin

2011

Animal

106

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Transport of farm animals gives rise to concern about their welfare. Specific attention has been given to the duration of animal transport, and maximum journey durations are used in legislation that seek to minimise any negative impact of transport on animal welfare. This paper reviews the relatively few scientific investigations into effects of transport duration on animal welfare in cattle, sheep, horses, pigs and poultry. From the available literature, we attempt to distinguish between aspects, which will impair welfare on journeys of any duration, such as those associated with loading, and those aspects that may be exacerbated by journey time. We identify four aspects of animal transport, which have increasing impact on welfare as transport duration increases. These relate to (i) the physiological and clinical state of the animal before transport; and -during transport -to (ii) feeding and watering; (iii) rest and (iv) thermal environment. It is thus not journey duration per se but these associated negative aspects that are the cause of compromised welfare. We suggest that with a few exceptions, transport of long duration is possible in terms of animal welfare provided that these four issues can be dealt with for the species and the age group of the animals that are transported.

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“…A major risk factor for the development of disease is transportation duration (Oikawa et al, 2005). Other problems include gastrointestinal diseases (reduced water intake affecting gut function, possibly resulting in colic and/or diarrhoea) and predisposition to equine gastric ulcer syndrome (Higgins, 2004).…”

Section: Injury and Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to Oikawa et al (2005), several factors may contribute to the development of transportrelated respiratory disease in horses, such as (1) presence of subclinical respiratory diseases, (2) restraint in the "head-up" posture, (3) stress-related impairment of the immune response, (4) presence of noxious gases and high concentrations of airborne dust and bacteria, (5) length and duration of the journey, and (6) body orientation during transport. The conclusion from this study suggested that rest periods should be as long and as frequent as possible because increased rest duration was associated with a reduction in both transport stress and incidence of pyrexia.…”

Section: Injury and Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion Concerning the Welfare of Animals during Transport

2011

EFSA Journal

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The Scientific Opinion on the welfare of animals during transport reviewed the most recent scientific information concerning the main farm species. New scientific evidence and consequent conclusions and recommendations were arranged following the structure of Annex I of EC Regulation 1/2005 5 . On fitness for transport, recommendations for cattle and poultry were focused on repeated humane handling and careful inspection prior to transport. On the means of transport, use of partitions in horse transport, compulsory fasting of pigs with provision of water at stops, and temperature limits for poultry were major recommendations. Maintaining stability of animal groups was recommended as good practice, with special emphasis on the need to avoid mixing unfamiliar pigs or goats. On watering and feeding intervals, journey times and resting periods, journey duration should not exceed 12 hours for horses and 29 hours for cattle. Horses should be supplied with water one hour before and one hour after transport, and for cattle there should be a 24 hour recovery period with access to food and water. For rabbits, time spent inside the containers during lairage should be considered journey time. Space allowance for horses should be given in terms of kg/m 2 instead of m 2 /animal. For cattle and sheep, it is recommended that space allowances should be calculated according to an allometric equation relating size to body weight. Limits for stocking densities of broilers in containers should be related to thermal conditions. On the navigation systems, temperature monitoring systems should be incorporated. Minimum standards should be established regarding data type to be recorded, the 4 The changes do not affect the overall conclusions of the opinion. To avoid confusion, the original version of the opinion has been removed from the website, but is available on request, as is a version showing all the changes made.

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Effects of Orientation, Intermittent Rest and Vehicle Cleaning During Transport on Development of Transport-related Respiratory Disease in Horses

Cited by 28 publications

References 22 publications

Effects of the different transport phases on equine health status, behavior, and welfare: A review

Effects of the different transport phases on equine health status, behavior, and welfare: A review

Road transport of farm animals: effects of journey duration on animal welfare

Scientific Opinion Concerning the Welfare of Animals during Transport

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