Effects of organophosphate compounds on a soil protist, Colpoda inflata (Ciliophora, Colpodidae)

Trielli, Francesca; Chessa, Maria Giovanna; Amaroli, Andrea; Ognibene, Marzia; Corrado, Maria Umberta Delmonte

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.04.081

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Only one of these three showed a preference to BCh, therefore, we cannot classify these aqueous extracts as vertebrate BChE-like. Similar differences in sensitivity to AChE and BChE inhibitors were found in bacteria and plants [9, 10, 12, 13, 19, 20–24, 26]. In some invertebrates, ChEs were significantly inhibited by eserine sulphate and BW284C51, but not by iso-OMPA [74, 75] however, the latter was not the case in the studies conducted by Varo et al [7] and Diamantino et al [6].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

“…in crustaceans) it has been suggested that ChEs show intermediary characteristics between the two vertebrate forms and can be classified as neither AChE nor BChE [6,7]. ChEs have been found also in organisms devoid of nervous system such as sponges (Karczmar, 2010), both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria [8–15], ascomycete fungi [16–18], plants [19–22], and protozoa [23–26]. However, no studies so far have reported the ChE-like activities in fungi belonging to the phylum Basidiomycota.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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First evidence of cholinesterase-like activity in Basidiomycota

et al. 2019

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Cholinesterases (ChE), the enzymes whose primary function is the hydrolysis of choline esters, are widely expressed throughout the nature. Although they have already been found in plants and microorganisms, including ascomycete fungi, this study is the first report of ChE-like activity in fungi of the phylum Basidiomycota. This activity was detected in almost a quarter of the 45 tested aqueous fungal extracts. The ability of these extracts to hydrolyse acetylthiocholine was about ten times stronger than the hydrolytic activity towards butyrylthiocholine and propionylthiocholine. In-gel detection of ChE-like activity with acetylthiocholine indicated a great variability in the characteristics of these enzymes which are not characterized as vertebrate-like based on (i) differences in inhibition by excess substrate, (ii) susceptibility to different vertebrate acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors, and (iii) a lack of orthologs using phylogenetic analysis. Limited inhibition by single inhibitors and multiple activity bands using in-gel detection indicate the presence of several ChE-like enzymes in these aqueous extracts. We also observed inhibitory activity of the same aqueous mushroom extracts against insect acetylcholinesterase in 10 of the 45 samples tested; activity was independent of the presence of ChE-like activity in extracts. Both ChE-like activities with different substrates and the ability of extracts to inhibit insect acetylcholinesterase were not restricted to any fungal family but were rather present across all included Basidiomycota families. This study can serve as a platform for further research regarding ChE activity in mushrooms.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First evidence of cholinesterase-like activity in Basidiomycota

et al. 2019

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“…In conclusion, our work, despite having the criticality of being a laboratory experiment, highlights how the sensitivity to some pesticides widely used in agriculture changes to 2°C changing from nothing/low to critical. This data are interesting if we consider that the concentrations used are in the range described in the agricultural areas [35][36][37] and the same concentrations have an effect on other soil microorganisms [38] (www.pesticidesinfo.org). In addition, The European Directive 2009/128/EC [3] has led to a new approach to agriculture with the transition from an old concept of agriculture based on high use of both pesticides and fossil fuels to an agriculture more and more aware and careful to biodiversity and public health issues.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Temperature Variation on the Sensitivity to Pesticides: a Study on the Slime Mould Dictyostelium discoideum (Protozoa)

Amaroli

2014

Microb Ecol

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Slime moulds live in agricultural ecosystems, where they play an important role in the soil fertilization and in the battle against crop pathogens. In an agricultural soil, the amoebae are exposed to different stress factors such as pesticides and weather conditions. The use of pesticides increased up from 0.49 kg per hectare in 1961 to 2 kg in 2004, and the global greenhouse gas emission has grown 70% between 1970 and 2004 leading to a global fluctuation of average surface temperature. Therefore, the European Directive 2009/128/EC has led to a new approach to agriculture, with the transition from an old concept based on high use of pesticides and fossil fuels to an agriculture aware of biodiversity and health issues. We studied the effects of temperature variations and pesticides on Dictyostelium discoideum. We measured the fission rate, the ability to differentiate and the markers of stress such as the activity and presence of pseudocholinesterase and the presence of heat shock protein 70. Our results highlight how the sensitivity to zinc, aluminium, silver, copper, cadmium, mercury, diazinon and dicofol changes for a 2 °C variation from nothing/low to critical. Our work suggests considering, in future regulations, about the use of pesticides as their toxic effect on non-target organisms is strongly influenced by climate temperatures. In addition, there is a need for a new consideration of the protozoa, which takes into account recent researches about the presence in this microorganism of classical neurotransmitters that, similar to those in animals, make protozoa an innocent target of neurotoxic pesticides in the battle against the pest crops.

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“…Some species of fungi are pathogenic or symbiotic in arthropods [ 10 , 54 ], and their spores are scattered in the environment. The spores of Fungi, Ciliophora [ 61 ], and Cercozoa [ 62 , 63 ] are ubiquitous in soil and freshwater. The reason for the frequent occurrence of Capsicum is not known, but Charophyta and Capsicum are likely to occur in the environment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applications of Blocker Nucleic Acids and Non-Metazoan PCR Improves the Discovery of the Eukaryotic Microbiome in Ticks

et al. 2021

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Ticks serve as important vectors of a variety of pathogens. Recently, the viral and prokaryotic microbiomes in ticks have been explored using next-generation sequencing to understand the physiology of ticks and their interactions with pathogens. However, analyses of eukaryotic communities in ticks are limited, owing to the lack of suitable methods. In this study, we developed new methods to selectively amplify microeukaryote genes in tick-derived DNA by blocking the amplification of the 18S rRNA gene of ticks using artificial nucleic acids: peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) and locked nucleic acids (LNAs). In addition, another PCR using non-metazoan primers, referred to as UNonMet-PCR, was performed for comparison. We performed each PCR using tick-derived DNA and sequenced the amplicons using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Almost all sequences obtained by conventional PCR were derived from ticks, whereas the proportion of microeukaryotic reads and alpha diversity increased upon using the newly developed method. Additionally, the PNA- or LNA-based methods were suitable for paneukaryotic analyses, whereas the UNonMet-PCR method was particularly sensitive to fungi. The newly described methods enable analyses of the eukaryotic microbiome in ticks. We expect the application of these methods to improve our understanding of the tick microbiome.

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Effects of organophosphate compounds on a soil protist, Colpoda inflata (Ciliophora, Colpodidae)

Cited by 11 publications

References 22 publications

First evidence of cholinesterase-like activity in Basidiomycota

First evidence of cholinesterase-like activity in Basidiomycota

The Effects of Temperature Variation on the Sensitivity to Pesticides: a Study on the Slime Mould Dictyostelium discoideum (Protozoa)

Applications of Blocker Nucleic Acids and Non-Metazoan PCR Improves the Discovery of the Eukaryotic Microbiome in Ticks

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