Effects of oral erythrosine (2′,4′,5′,7′-tetraiodofluorescein) on thyroid function in normal men

Gardner, David F.; Utiger, Robert D.; Schwartz, Sorell L.; Witorsch, Philip; Meyers, Bruce; Braverman, Lewis E.; Witorsch, Raphael J.

doi:10.1016/0041-008x(87)90052-4

Cited by 39 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…A significant increase in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion was shown at the highest dose only. These results indicate that the raise in TSH levels correspond to an increase in serum iodide rather than a direct effect of Erythrosine on thyroid hormone secretion or an effect on peripheral metabolism (Gardner et al, 1987). Importantly, the doses employed in this study were a thousandfold higher than the consumption in food assessed in Europe.…”

Section: E 127 Erythrosinum Natricum Erythrosinementioning

confidence: 92%

Health safety issues of synthetic food colorants

Amchová

Kotolová

Rudá-Kučerová

2015

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology

418

187

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Section: E 127 Erythrosinum Natricum Erythrosinementioning

confidence: 92%

Health safety issues of synthetic food colorants

Amchová

Kotolová

Rudá-Kučerová

2015

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology

418

187

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“…In a pivotal clinical study, Gardner et al (1987) examined the effects of Erythrosine on the thyroid function in 30 healthy male subjects. Ten men per group consumed capsules containing 20, 60, or 200 mg/day of Erythrosine for 14 days.…”

Section: Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Panel agreed with the analysis of Crump and Farrar and considered the NOAEL to be 60 mg/day. Paul et al (1988) performed a study similar to Gardner et al (1987) that was designed to determine whether relatively small supplementary amounts of iodine in the diet would affect thyroid function. Normal, euthyroid human subjects received 250, 500, or 1500 μg iodine (I 2 ) daily for 14 days; the doses were selected to correspond to the amounts of iodide that might be bioavailable from the doses of Erythrosine used in the study by Gardner et al (1987).…”

Section: Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Paul et al (1988) performed a study similar to Gardner et al (1987) that was designed to determine whether relatively small supplementary amounts of iodine in the diet would affect thyroid function. Normal, euthyroid human subjects received 250, 500, or 1500 μg iodine (I 2 ) daily for 14 days; the doses were selected to correspond to the amounts of iodide that might be bioavailable from the doses of Erythrosine used in the study by Gardner et al (1987). Following administration of 1500 μg Erythrosine/day, there were small but significant decreases in serum T4 and T3 concentrations, and small compensatory increases in serum TSH concentrations, and in the TSH response to TRH.…”

Section: Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of Erythrosine (E 127) as a food additive

2011

EFSA Journal

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The Scientific Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food has re‐evaluated the safety of Erythrosine (E 127) when used as a food colouring substance. Erythrosine (E 127) is a xanthene‐dye which has been previously evaluated by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) in 1990 and the EU Scientific Committee for Food (SCF) in 1989. Both committees have established an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of 0‐0.1 mg/kg bw/day. Erythrosine is exclusively authorised for use in cocktail and candied cherries, and Bigarreaux cherries (94/36/EC). The Panel considered the weight‐of‐evidence still showed that the tumorigenic effects of Erythrosine in the thyroid gland of rats are secondary to its effects on thyroid function and not related to any genotoxic activity. Erythrosine‐induced rodent thyroid tumours may be considered of limited relevance to humans; an approach which is consistent with previous evaluation of Erythrosine. The Panel considered Erythrosine has a minimal effect in humans at a clinical oral dose of 200 mg daily over 14 days, while a dose of 60 mg daily was without effect (Gardner et al., 1987). The current ADI adopted by the JECFA and the SCF is based on this study. The Panel concurred with their identification of this as the critical study. The 60 mg dose was taken to be the equivalent of 1 mg/kg bw/day. By applying a safety factor of 10 to allow for the small number of subjects used in the study and its relatively short duration, an ADI of 0‐0.1 mg/kg bw per day was derived. The Panel concludes that the present database does not provide a basis to revise the ADI of 0.1 mg/kg bw/day. The Panel concluded that at the current levels of use intake estimates for adults on average is 0.0031 mg/kg bw/day and 0.01 mg/kg bw/day at the 95th percentile, and consequently are below the ADI of 0.1 mg/kg bw/day. The Panel considered there would be no safety concerns at current levels of exposure including other sources of exposure.

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“…It exhibits no observable toxicity up to a daily dose of 149 mg/kg body mass in healthy animals [13]. Likewise, a daily dose of 60 mg/kg does not exhibit any toxicity to humans [14]. ER is highly lipid soluble and so crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB) [15], [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Xanthene Food Dye, as a Modulator of Alzheimer's Disease Amyloid-beta Peptide Aggregation and the Associated Impaired Neuronal Cell Function

Wong

Kwon

2011

PLoS ONE

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BackgroundAlzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. AD is a degenerative brain disorder that causes problems with memory, thinking and behavior. It has been suggested that aggregation of amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ) is closely linked to the development of AD pathology. In the search for safe, effective modulators, we evaluated the modulating capabilities of erythrosine B (ER), a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved red food dye, on Aβ aggregation and Aβ-associated impaired neuronal cell function.Methodology/Principal FindingsIn order to evaluate the modulating ability of ER on Aβ aggregation, we employed transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thioflavin T (ThT) fluorescence assay, and immunoassays using Aβ-specific antibodies. TEM images and ThT fluorescence of Aβ samples indicate that protofibrils are predominantly generated and persist for at least 3 days. The average length of the ER-induced protofibrils is inversely proportional to the concentration of ER above the stoichiometric concentration of Aβ monomers. Immunoassay results using Aβ-specific antibodies suggest that ER binds to the N-terminus of Aβ and inhibits amyloid fibril formation. In order to evaluate Aβ-associated toxicity we determined the reducing activity of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells treated with Aβ aggregates formed in the absence or in the presence of ER. As the concentration of ER increased above the stoichiometric concentration of Aβ, cellular reducing activity increased and Aβ-associated reducing activity loss was negligible at 500 µM ER.Conclusions/SignificanceOur findings show that ER is a novel modulator of Aβ aggregation and reduces Aβ-associated impaired cell function. Our findings also suggest that xanthene dye can be a new type of small molecule modulator of Aβ aggregation. With demonstrated safety profiles and blood-brain permeability, ER represents a particularly attractive aggregation modulator for amyloidogenic proteins associated with neurodegenerative diseases.

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Effects of oral erythrosine (2′,4′,5′,7′-tetraiodofluorescein) on thyroid function in normal men

Cited by 39 publications

References 19 publications

Health safety issues of synthetic food colorants

Health safety issues of synthetic food colorants

Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of Erythrosine (E 127) as a food additive

Xanthene Food Dye, as a Modulator of Alzheimer's Disease Amyloid-beta Peptide Aggregation and the Associated Impaired Neuronal Cell Function

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