Effects of oral choline administration on serum and CSF choline levels in patients with Huntington's Disease<sup>1</sup>

Growdon, John H.; Cohen, Edith L.; Wurtman, Richard J.

doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1977.tb07732.x

Cited by 60 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…These data indicate that, given sufficiently low demand, low-affinity mechanisms could provide choline for conversion to ACh, if synapses have access to ample choline concentrations. Although the local concentration of choline in the synapse are unknown, circulating plasma choline in humans is only 10.9 -13.6 M in blood plasma, and 1.8 -2.2 M in the interstitial and cerebrospinal fluid (Aquilonius et al, 1970;Growdon et al, 1977). Unless the low-affinity system is localized synaptically, and synaptic concentrations approach 100 M, it seems unlikely that this mechanism contributes significantly to ACh synthesis in the absence of CHO-1.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Caenorhabditis elegans Choline Transporter CHO-1 Sustains Acetylcholine Synthesis and Motor Function in an Activity-Dependent Manner

Matthies

Fleming

Wilkes

et al. 2006

Journal of Neuroscience

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Caenorhabditis elegans Choline Transporter CHO-1 Sustains Acetylcholine Synthesis and Motor Function in an Activity-Dependent Manner

Matthies

Fleming

Wilkes

et al. 2006

Journal of Neuroscience

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“…In addition, choline may act through direct stimulation of muscarinic receptors in brain (Krnjevic and Reinhardt, 1979;Haub-rich et al, 1979). Administration of choline to humans has been shown to elevate the level of blood choline and to alleviate some of the symptoms associated with movement disorders (Aquilonius and Eckernas, 1975; Davis et al, 1976; Growdon et al, 1977;Hollister et al, 1978; Davis and Berger, 1978).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Tissue Choline Studied Using a Simple Chemical Assay

Haubrich

Gerber

Pflueger

et al. 1981

Journal of Neurochemistry

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An enzymatic-radioisotopic assay was used to measure free choline in unextracted tissue. The lowest concentration of free choline in any tissue studied was present in human cerebrospinal fluid (mean, 5.7 microM; range, 1.8 + 31.2 microM). A postmortem increase in concentration of free choline occurred in blood (0.2 nmol/min.ml), kidney (13 nmol/min.g) and liver (22 nmol/min.g) of mice. The concentration of free choline in these tissues was estimated by extrapolation to be 5, 77, and 29 nmol/g (or ml), respectively. Several treatments were found to increase the concentration of free choline. For example, intraperitoneal administration of choline or 2-amino-2-methyl-propanol (a choline oxidase inhibitor) induced an increase in the level of choline i blood, kidneys, liver, and brain of mice, and administration of 2-dimethylaminoethanol (deanol) caused an increase in kidney and liver choline. The level of choline in blood was increased when rats were treated orally with either antibiotics or esters of choline such as phosphorylcholine, glycerylphosphorylcholine, laroylcholine, or propionylcholine. The results show that the concentration of free choline may be regulated by intestinal metabolism, availability of esterified precursors, and activity of enzymes that metabolize choline.

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“…Some reported therapeutic effects of choline donors on several diseases that go together with aging such as Parkinson's disease (Agnoli et al, 1982), Huntington's chorea (Growdon et al, 1977) or Alzheimer's disease (Etienne et al, 1979), focused our attention on the neurotransmitters dopamine and acetylcholine as good markers of possible neurotransmission changes in these cases. Several authors have reported that the density of either dopamine receptors Author for correspondence.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in brain striatum dopamine and acetylcholine receptors induced by chronic CDP‐choline treatment of aging mice

Gíménez

Raïch

Aguilar

1991

British J Pharmacology

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1 Spiroperidol binding (dopamine D2 receptors) and quinuclidinyl benzilate binding (muscarinic receptors) in striata of 19-month old mice was analyzed for animals that had received chronic administration of cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine (CDP-choline) incorporated into the chow consumed (100 or 500 mg kg-1 added per day) for the 7 months before they were killed. 2 Treated animals displayed an increase in the dopamine receptor densities of 11% for those receiving l00mgkg-I and 18% for those receiving 500mgkg -as compared to the control aged animals that had received no CDP-choline. Control animals showed, from 2 months to 19 months of life, a 28% decrease in the receptor density. No change in the affinity of the receptors for spiroperidol was found in the treated or untreated animals. 3 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor densities were also partially recovered by the same treatment in aged animals that showed a 14% decrease of these receptors in this case. The muscarinic receptor density increased 6% for the animals that received 100mgkg-and 17% for the animals that received 500 mg kg'-without any change in the affinity of the receptor for quinuclidinyl benzilate. 4 Aged animals displayed a slight increase in brain membrane fluidity as indicated by a decrease in the polarization value of the non-polar fluorophore 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene. Interestingly, in the treated animals a greater increase in membrane fluidity was determined and found to be very similar for the two doses. 5 It is concluded that chronic administration of CDP-choline to aged animals promoted a partial recovery of the striatum dopamine and acetylcholine receptor function normally reduced with aging, which might be explicable in terms of mechanisms involving fluidity of the brain neuronal membrane.

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Effects of oral choline administration on serum and CSF choline levels in patients with Huntington's Disease¹

Cited by 60 publications

References 12 publications

The Caenorhabditis elegans Choline Transporter CHO-1 Sustains Acetylcholine Synthesis and Motor Function in an Activity-Dependent Manner

The Caenorhabditis elegans Choline Transporter CHO-1 Sustains Acetylcholine Synthesis and Motor Function in an Activity-Dependent Manner

Tissue Choline Studied Using a Simple Chemical Assay

Changes in brain striatum dopamine and acetylcholine receptors induced by chronic CDP‐choline treatment of aging mice

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Effects of oral choline administration on serum and CSF choline levels in patients with Huntington's Disease1

Cited by 60 publications

References 12 publications

The Caenorhabditis elegans Choline Transporter CHO-1 Sustains Acetylcholine Synthesis and Motor Function in an Activity-Dependent Manner

The Caenorhabditis elegans Choline Transporter CHO-1 Sustains Acetylcholine Synthesis and Motor Function in an Activity-Dependent Manner

Tissue Choline Studied Using a Simple Chemical Assay

Changes in brain striatum dopamine and acetylcholine receptors induced by chronic CDP‐choline treatment of aging mice

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Product

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Effects of oral choline administration on serum and CSF choline levels in patients with Huntington's Disease¹