Effects of Optimal Carbohydrase Mixtures on Nutrient Digestibility and Digestible Energy of Corn- and Wheat-Based Diets in Growing Pigs

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of optimal carbohydrase mixture (OCM) on macronutrients and amino acid digestibility and the digestible energy (DE) in growing pigs fed the corn-soybean meal-based diet (CSM) and the wheat-soybean meal-based diet (WSM). A total of 36 ileal-cannulated pigs (50.9 ± 4.9 kg initial body weight) were allotted to four dietary treatments randomly, which included CSM and WSM diets, and two diets supplied with corresponding OCM. These OCMs were screened using an in vitro method from our previous study. After the five day adaptation period, fecal samples were collected from d six to seven, and ileal digesta samples were collected on d 8 and 10. Chromic oxide was added as an indigestible marker. The results show that the addition of OCM improved the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of dry matter (DM), ash, carbohydrate (CHO), neutral detergent fiber, and gross energy (GE) and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of DM, CHO, and GE in CSM diet (p < 0.05), but reduced the apparent hindgut disappearance (AHD) of DM in CSM diet (p < 0.05). The ATTD of DM, crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), ash, and GE and the AHD of DM, CP, EE, ash, CHO, and GE in WSM diet were improved by the OCM addition (p < 0.05), whereas the AID of DM, CP, ash, CHO, and GE were decreased (p < 0.05). The respective DE contents in CSM and WSM diets were increased from 15.45 to 15.74 MJ/kg and 15.03 to 15.49 MJ/kg under the effects of OCM (p < 0.05). Similar to the trend of AID of CP, the OCM addition increased the AID and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of Ile, Thr, and Cys in CSM diet, but decreased the AID and SID of Ile, Phe, Thr, Val, Ala, Pro, Ser, and Tyr in WSM diet. In conclusion, the OCMs screened by an in vitro method could improve the total tract nutrient digestibility and DE for pigs fed corn-based diet or wheat-based diet but had inconsistent effects on the ileal digestibility of nutrients and energy.

Effects of Yeast Culture Supplementation in Wheat–Rice-Based Diet on Growth Performance, Meat Quality, and Gut Microbiota of Growing–Finishing Pigs

“…A previous study reported that diet type did not influence ADG, but growing pigs fed corn–soybean meal diets from days 0 to 64 had decreased ADFI and increased G:F compared to the pigs fed 30% dried distillers grains with solubles and 19% wheat middling diets during this period [ 16 ]. The apparent ileal digestibilities of dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, and gross energy (GE) of growing pigs fed a corn-based diet were similar to those of pigs fed a wheat-based diet [ 17 ]. Weaned pigs that were fed maize-based diets had a 60 g higher ADG than pigs that were fed wheat–barley-based diets, even though the daily feed intake was similar because of higher N retention [ 18 ].…”

Effects of Dietary Lysine Levels on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Serum Metabolites, and Meat Quality of Baqing Pigs

“…Fecal samples (100 g per pig) were collected for three consecutive days from the rectum after pigs had free access to their diet for 30 min. All fecal samples were fixed with 10% dilute hydrochloric acid and toluene, then stored at −20 °C prior to analysis [ 17 , 18 ].…”

“…Tyler mill for chemical analysis. Proximate analysis of the experimental diets and feces samples were performed using standard Association of Official Analytical Chemists methods [ 18 ]. The samples were dried at 105 °C in a drying oven to a constant weight to determine dry matter (DM) content.…”

“…The Cr content in the ashed samples of the diets and feces was analyzed spectrophotometrically (ContrAA ® 700, Analytik Jena AG, Jena, Germany) after acid digestion. Apparent nutrient digestibility was calculated using the Cr 2 O 3 content in feed and fecal samples based on the chemical analysis results [ 13 , 17 , 18 ]. The 350 μL serum samples were diluted with 10% sodium sulfosalicylic at 1:2, then centrifuged (12000× g , 4 °C 10 min) after standing for 5 min, and the clear supernatant was filtered through a 0.45 m filtration membrane after centrifuging.…”

Strategies for reducing noxious gas emissions in pig production: a comprehensive review on the role of feed additives

“…These complex carbohydrates pose a digestive challenge as pigs inherently lack the enzymes necessary for their breakdown, leading to fermentation and gas production [ 49 , 50 ]. Zhang et al [ 51 ] further explain that microbial fermentation of these undigested proteins and amino acids in the hindgut contributes significantly to ammonia production, a major component of the overall ammonia emission in manure. The beneficial impact on nutrient digestion and gas emission reduction [ 49 , 50 ].…”