Consumers can share consumption experiences, provide support by answering productrelated questions, and discuss and create brand-related content collaboratively with other community members (Laroche et al., 2012;Habibi et al., 2016). Therefore, their role has changed from passive receivers to active co-creators of brand-related content (Liao et al., 2017;Solis 2011). Thus, online media have empowered consumers (Hennig-Thurau et al., 2010;Habibi et al., 2016) and changed their behavior (Habibi et al., 2016).Organizations have had to adapt their marketing communications to deal with highly interconnected and co-creating consumers. Research indicates that brand marketers could benefit from "a more participatory approach" (Munnuka, 2015, p. 429) by supporting online brand communities in which they actively empower consumers to co-create and build their brands (Schau et al., 2009). The challenge for many organizations lies in building a viable online brand community. In practice, many organizations experience difficulties developing online brand communities (Schultz, 2007;Fournier & Lee, 2009;Liao et al., 2017) and the most recognized reason in the literature is the lack of active participation by community members (Malinen, 2015). Active participation is necessary to . Furthermore, they could enjoy looking at brand-related content and use the process as a way to relax .Browsing, reading, and looking at content generated by other community members is referred to as passive participation or 'lurking' (Madupu & Cooley, 2010; Muntinga, 2013).Research indicates that consumers join online brand communities to consume content for learning and hedonic purposes .An online brand community also offers a place where members feel a sense of belonging as they establish connections with like-minded others through social interactions . Furthermore, members can enhance their status and influence other community members with their product-related knowledge . Research suggests that social and status values positively affect contributing to other members' content and creating new content, such as a review . Responding to existing content and creating new content are types of active participation, which is visible in online brand communities. Active participation is considered to be more valuable than passive participation since information exchange is the basis for social interaction between community members (Malinen, 2015).Furthermore, active participation is necessary to create a sufficient critical mass of content for members to continue visiting the online brand community (Algesheimer et al., 2005). In practice however, the majority of consumers do not actively participate in an online brand community. According to the "90-9-1" principle, 90% are lurkers, 9% contribute to other members' content, and 1% create new content (Arthur, 2006;Kumar & Nayak, 2019;Kokkodis et al., 2020).Researchers assume online brand communities endure by virtue of lasting relationships between community members . Community members are committed to relation...