Effects of omega‐3 fatty acids and aspirin on Porphyromonas gingivalis‐induced periodontitis in rats

Abstract

Background Periodontitis is a common chronic inflammatory disease caused by bacteria which can result in periodontal tissue inflammation, as well as alveolar bone resorption. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of omega‐3 fatty acids plus aspirin (ASA) on ligature‐induced periodontitis in rats. Methods Ninety‐six male Sprague‐Dawley (SD) rats (age 6 weeks) were randomly divided into eight groups (n = 12 each) and had ligatures placed for 7 days, followed by daily treatment with specific drug regimens for 14 days. The rats were sacrificed 20 days after drug treatment, and their maxillary were subjected to histomorphometric analysis. RAW264.7 cells were cultured with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or receptor activator (NF)‐κB ligand (RANKL), and treated with various concentrations of omega‐3 and ASA. Then, cyclooxygenase (COX‐2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein expression and receptor activator of nuclear factor κ B (RANK), tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP‐9), MMP‐2, and Cathepsin‐K gene expression were detected. Results The administration of omega‐3 fatty acids and aspirin significantly inhibited tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) in serum of rats. Histomorphometric analysis showed omega‐3 fatty acids plus aspirin promoted alveolar bone increase. Omega‐3 fatty acids only, aspirin only, or omega‐3 fatty acids plus aspirin also inhibited the protein expressions of COX‐2 and iNOS in LPS‐stimulated RAW264.7 cells. In addition, omega‐3 combined with ASA also inhibited the RANKL‐induced gene expressions of MMPs in dose‐dependent manners. Conclusion These results demonstrate that omega‐3 fatty acids plus aspirin could decrease alveolar bone loss, while simultaneously increasing the protection against periodontal inflammation.

Independent impact of periodontitis and cardiovascular disease on elevated soluble urokinase‐type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) levels

“…It has also demonstrated that, during CHD, upregulated suPAR, nitric oxide (NO), and hs‐CRP were associated with endothelial dysfunction increased risk of CHD 17,18,21 . In this regard, it has been hypothesized that conditions such as periodontitis and CHD may determine the increased release at the serum and salivary levels of IL‐1, IL‐6, prostaglandins, metalloproteases, NO, and hs‐CRP 19 which, in turn, negatively influences the tone of the endothelial wall and, finally, causes a high risk of endothelial dysfunction and CHD development 20,21,22 . For these reasons, there is an increased interest in analyzing the effects of periodontitis as a subclinical increased risk of endothelial dysfunction and CHD 21,23,24,25 …”

Comparison of the Effects of Omega 3 and Probiotics on Alveolar Bone Loss in Rats: An Immunohistochemical Study

“…[16][17][18] Recently, omega 3 and/or aspirin was exhibited to be effective reducing ABL by modulating osteoclastogenesis. 31 Furthermore, fish oil diet was shown to decrease ABL in hypercholesterolemic rats with ligature-induced periodontitis. 41 B. lactis administration significantly decreased CAL and ABL in an experimental periodontitis study.…”

“…32 In a recent study, omega 3 and/or aspirin decreased iNOS protein synthesis in LPS-stimulated cells. 31 Similarly, Lactobacillus brevis (L. brevis) inhibited iNOS activity which was induced by LPS. 33 Treatment with Weissella cibaria also reduced NO and iNOS expressions together with mRNA levels of iNOS in LPS-induced cells, indicating that probiotic administration was able to inhibit NO by suppressing iNOS.…”

“…28 Increased gingival iNOS mRNA levels were demonstrated in inflamed tissue and it was suggested that iNOS may have a role in the inflammatory response of periodontitis. 29 Many reports indicated that omega 3 [30][31][32] and probiotics 33,34 were able to reduce iNOS. Probiotic administration was also presented to decrease salivary NOS in patients with chronic periodontitis.…”

Advances in Biomarkers and Diagnostics in Periodontitis and Oral Diseases

“…Oral and periodontal conditions have an impact on overall health and disease [3]. Bacteria from the mouth can cause infection in other parts of the body when the immune system has been compromised by disease or medical treatments (e.g., infective endocarditis) [4][5][6]. Systemic conditions and their treatment are also known to impact on oral health (e.g., reduced saliva flow, altered balance of oral microorganisms) [7,8].…”