“…The IFT trend with increasing pressure can be explained by two main factors. First, increasing pressure increases the intermolecular forces of the gas molecules, which results in increasing its density and thus promotes miscibility. − Second, increasing pressure likely improves the extraction of crude oil components into the gas phase and the condensation of enriched gas into crude oil. ,,− These processes of extraction (vaporization) and condensation between gas and oil phases are developed through several stages (multi-contact miscibility). For example, the light and intermediate crude oil components are extracted first into the gas phase (the first IFT trend); then with further increasing pressure (the second region), the heavier oil components start to be extracted into the gas phase at a slower rate. ,, …”
Section: Results
and Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…These processes are typically divided into condensing gas drive and vaporizing gas drive, , where the gas phase is enriched through the extraction (vaporization) of light and intermediate crude oil components and then the enriched gas is dissolved (condensed) into the oil phase. Consequently, a miscibility (transition) zone is formed between the gas and oil phases. , …”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Consequently, a miscibility (transition) zone is formed between the gas and oil phases. 20,21 However, the minimum miscibility pressure for some reservoirs is far higher than the formation fracture pressure, which limits the application of miscible gas injection, and this inability to achieve miscibility results in unfavorable sweep efficiency. This problem typically occurs in high temperature reservoirs where the MMP increases due to the high temperature, or in shallow reservoirs where the fracture pressure is very low.…”
Natural gas injection (i.e., recycling) is a commonly used for enhanced oil recovery method and is potentially costeffective and efficient. However, natural gas injection, particularly methane, often has a high minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) which likely exceeds the fracture pressure of many otherwise viable reservoirs. Therefore, this work aims to investigate the potential of chemical-assisted MMP reduction of the methane-oil system to expand the application of miscible natural gas injection to more candidate reservoirs. In this context, we performed a study to test six potential surfactant-like chemicals with different polar headgroups (i.e., morpholine, aromatic sulfonic acid, aromatic carboxylic acid, and 2-oxypyrrolidine). The intent is to reduce the methane-oil interfacial tension using the vanishing interfacial tension method at a constant temperature of 373 K. First, at a concentration of 2 wt %, we tested the effect of the polar headgroups with the same hydrocarbon chain. Then, we investigated the effect of increasing the hydrocarbon chain length on the methane-oil miscibility. Our results show that chemical additives with the 2oxopyrrolidine and aromatic sulfonic acid functional groups give higher MMP reductions (8.7−9.6%, respectively) compared with aromatic carboxylic acid and morpholine groups, which only give limited or no MMP reduction. Moreover, the results show that the reduction in first contact miscibility pressure is higher (12.8−19.1%) compared to MMP. Furthermore, increasing the hydrocarbon chain length (from 10 to 13) of the 2-oxopyrrolidine and aromatic sulfonic acid molecules seems to decrease the efficiency in reducing MMP. Our results screen the potential of a combinatorial chemistry approach (where two molecules with differing sizes and functional groups can be readily joined together to make a large library of compounds) that can be used to identify chemical additives for reducing MMP of methane-oil. This approach underscores the importance of optimizing the functional group and hydrocarbon chain length in potential chemicals for MMP reduction. The outlined research results likely expand the application of miscible natural gas injection to deep and/or high-temperature reservoirs, in addition to the environmental benefits of reducing gas flaring and greenhouse gas emissions through natural-gas recycling.
“…The IFT trend with increasing pressure can be explained by two main factors. First, increasing pressure increases the intermolecular forces of the gas molecules, which results in increasing its density and thus promotes miscibility. − Second, increasing pressure likely improves the extraction of crude oil components into the gas phase and the condensation of enriched gas into crude oil. ,,− These processes of extraction (vaporization) and condensation between gas and oil phases are developed through several stages (multi-contact miscibility). For example, the light and intermediate crude oil components are extracted first into the gas phase (the first IFT trend); then with further increasing pressure (the second region), the heavier oil components start to be extracted into the gas phase at a slower rate. ,, …”
Section: Results
and Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…These processes are typically divided into condensing gas drive and vaporizing gas drive, , where the gas phase is enriched through the extraction (vaporization) of light and intermediate crude oil components and then the enriched gas is dissolved (condensed) into the oil phase. Consequently, a miscibility (transition) zone is formed between the gas and oil phases. , …”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Consequently, a miscibility (transition) zone is formed between the gas and oil phases. 20,21 However, the minimum miscibility pressure for some reservoirs is far higher than the formation fracture pressure, which limits the application of miscible gas injection, and this inability to achieve miscibility results in unfavorable sweep efficiency. This problem typically occurs in high temperature reservoirs where the MMP increases due to the high temperature, or in shallow reservoirs where the fracture pressure is very low.…”
Natural gas injection (i.e., recycling) is a commonly used for enhanced oil recovery method and is potentially costeffective and efficient. However, natural gas injection, particularly methane, often has a high minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) which likely exceeds the fracture pressure of many otherwise viable reservoirs. Therefore, this work aims to investigate the potential of chemical-assisted MMP reduction of the methane-oil system to expand the application of miscible natural gas injection to more candidate reservoirs. In this context, we performed a study to test six potential surfactant-like chemicals with different polar headgroups (i.e., morpholine, aromatic sulfonic acid, aromatic carboxylic acid, and 2-oxypyrrolidine). The intent is to reduce the methane-oil interfacial tension using the vanishing interfacial tension method at a constant temperature of 373 K. First, at a concentration of 2 wt %, we tested the effect of the polar headgroups with the same hydrocarbon chain. Then, we investigated the effect of increasing the hydrocarbon chain length on the methane-oil miscibility. Our results show that chemical additives with the 2oxopyrrolidine and aromatic sulfonic acid functional groups give higher MMP reductions (8.7−9.6%, respectively) compared with aromatic carboxylic acid and morpholine groups, which only give limited or no MMP reduction. Moreover, the results show that the reduction in first contact miscibility pressure is higher (12.8−19.1%) compared to MMP. Furthermore, increasing the hydrocarbon chain length (from 10 to 13) of the 2-oxopyrrolidine and aromatic sulfonic acid molecules seems to decrease the efficiency in reducing MMP. Our results screen the potential of a combinatorial chemistry approach (where two molecules with differing sizes and functional groups can be readily joined together to make a large library of compounds) that can be used to identify chemical additives for reducing MMP of methane-oil. This approach underscores the importance of optimizing the functional group and hydrocarbon chain length in potential chemicals for MMP reduction. The outlined research results likely expand the application of miscible natural gas injection to deep and/or high-temperature reservoirs, in addition to the environmental benefits of reducing gas flaring and greenhouse gas emissions through natural-gas recycling.
“…Modifying CO 2 helps to enhance the interaction between CO 2 and oil, thereby reducing IFT and MMP (Saira et al, 2020). Additives used to modify CO 2 -oil systems have included alcohols (Moradi et al, 2014;Luo et al, 2018;Shang et al, 2018;Yang et al, 2019), polymers (Gu et al, 2013;Al Hinai et al, 2019), surfactants (Aji et al, 2016;Luo et al, 2018;Kuang et al, 2021), and other chemicals (Rommerskirchen et al, 2016;Rommerskirchen et al, 2018). Moradi et al (2014) and Yang et al (2019) added alcohol in oil to modify a CO 2 -oil system.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…They reported an IFT reduction of 0.7-3.6 mN/m and an MMP reduction of 7.4-7.6 MPa. Al Hinai et al (2019) used polymers placed on metal plate inside HPHT cell to modify CO 2 . They reported slight reduction in IFT with modified CO 2 at lower pressures while 0.5-1.5 mN/m reduction in IFT at high pressures resulted in 5-5.3 MPa reduction in MMP.…”
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