Effects of Oleuropein and Hydroxytyrosol on Inflammatory Mediators: Consequences on Inflammaging

Abstract

Aging is associated with a low-grade, systemic inflammatory state defined as “inflammaging”, ruled by the loss of proper regulation of the immune system leading to the accumulation of pro-inflammatory mediators. Such a condition is closely connected to an increased risk of developing chronic diseases. A number of studies demonstrate that olive oil phenolic compound oleuropein and its derivative hydroxytyrosol contribute to modulating tissue inflammation and oxidative stress, thus becoming attractive potential candidates to be used in the context of nutraceutical interventions, in order to ameliorate systemic inflammation in aging subjects. In this review, we aim to summarize the available data about the anti-inflammatory properties of oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol, discussing them in the light of molecular pathways involved in the synthesis and release of inflammatory mediators in inflammaging.

Oleuropein activates autophagy to circumvent anti-plasmodial defense

“…The significant (p < 0.0001) reduction in the acute inflammation was characterized by the reduction of the IL-6 when treated with individual drugs (OLP, ART, CQ) and combination of OLP and ART ( Figure 10 D). 48 This reduction in the inflammation confirmed the anti-inflammatory potential of OLP as shown by the quantification of anti-inflammatory/immunoregulatory markers (IL-10) 49 ( Figure 10 E). Significantly (p < 0.001) higher secretion of IL-10 was measured when macrophages were treated with OLP at 30 μg/mL.…”

Hydroxytyrosol Interference with Inflammaging via Modulation of Inflammation and Autophagy

“…However, contrasting results have been reported regarding the capability of HTyr of inhibiting inflammation mediated by monocytes/macrophages ( Table 1 ). We think that the diverse results might be related to the different experimental conditions and protocols (i.e., monocyte/macrophage experimental models, HTyr dose, times of HTyr and LPS incubations, times in which samples were taken) used by independent investigators, while Pojero et al suggested that it might depend on the timing of HTyr administration (i.e., before, during or after the incubation with LPS inflammatory stimuli) [ 97 ]. Further experiments are needed to explain these contrasting results.…”

“…Polyphenols have been widely recognized as anti-inflammatory agents [ 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 ]. In addition, it has been shown by our and other’s laboratories that HTyr-enriched preparations, including those derived from EVOO and OVW, as well as multicomponent nutraceutical containing HTyr, can modulate several key processes related to inflammation [ 55 , 63 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 ].…”

Use of Oleuropein and Hydroxytyrosol for Cancer Prevention and Treatment: Considerations about How Bioavailability and Metabolism Impact Their Adoption in Clinical Routine

“…However, even at high concentrations, OLE and HT seem to be selectively cytotoxic for cancer cells, with no or negligible/minimal effects on non-cancer cells, as demonstrated for embryonic rat cardiomyoblasts H9c2(2-1), human breast epithelial cell line MCF-10A [ 41 , 93 ], nonmalignant human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cell line [ 35 ], normal colonic cell line CCD-841CoN [ 74 ], human normal liver cell line (HL-7702) [ 67 ], human normal prostate epithelial cells PWLE2 [ 86 ], human bile duct cell line HIBEpiC [ 69 ], human fibroblasts WI-38 [ 90 ], normal skin fibroblast cell line WS1 [ 74 ], human GN61 gingival fibroblasts [ 271 ], human lymphocytes [ 78 ], human PBMCs [ 24 , 25 ], and normal human fibroblasts [ 272 , 273 ]. Thus, OLE and HT are generally considered safe on the basis of experimental data, despite sporadic reports against the trend, as happened for HT, which proved to be toxic for human non-tumorigenic pancreas cells HPDE [ 80 ] and human normal prostate RWPE-1 cells [ 87 ].…”

“…Both compounds have attracted attention for their accessibility, safe profile, powerful antioxidant and scavenging activity against reactive oxygen species (ROS), and controversial anti-inflammatory action. For more than two decades, OLE and HT (together or alone) have been the focus of intense research efforts in the context of infectious diseases and prevention/management of chronic non-communicable diseases, including cancer, with encouraging results from in vitro and in vivo models [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ].…”