Effects of Oat and Wheat Cereals on Endothelial Responses

Katz, David L.; Nawaz, Haq; Bou-Khalil, Josette; Chan, WC; Ahmadi, Ramin; Giannamore, Vanessa; Sarrel, Philip M.

doi:10.1006/pmed.2001.0918

Cited by 62 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…For example, fiber intake appears to reduce systemic inflammation, an important contributor to arteriolar narrowing and venular widening (19 -21, 39); however, the markers of systemic inflammation, such as C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, and white blood cell count, were not available for most subjects at the third visit of the ARIC Study. Moreover, fiber intake was found to benefit endothelial cell function (18); several small clinical studies have suggested that endothelial dysfunction may influence retinal vascular caliber (44,45). Fiber consumption may also replace intake of other foods with potentially detrimental effects on the microcirculation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary fiber intake and retinal vascular caliber in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study

Kan

Stevens

Heiss

et al. 2007

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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Background: Dietary fiber appears to decrease the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Microvascular abnormalities can be observed by retinal examination and contribute to the pathogenesis of various cardiovascular diseases. The impact of dietary fiber on the retinal microvasculature is not known. Objective: We aimed to examine the association between dietary fiber intake and retinal vascular caliber. Design: At the third visit (1993)(1994)(1995) of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study, a population-based cohort of adults in 4 US communities, the retinal vascular caliber of 10 659 participants was measured and summarized from digital retinal photographs. Usual dietary intake during the same period was assessed with a 66-item food-frequency questionnaire. Results: After control for potential confounders including hypertension, diabetes, lipids, demographic factors, cigarette smoking, total energy intake, micronutrients intake, and other cardiovascular disease risk factors, higher intake of fiber from all sources and from cereal were significantly associated with wider retinal arteriolar caliber and narrower venular caliber. Participants in the highest quintile of fiber intake from all sources had a 1.05-m larger arteriolar caliber (P for trend ҃ 0.012) and a 1.11-m smaller venular caliber (P for trend ҃ 0.029). Conclusions: Dietary fiber was related to wider retinal arteriolar caliber and narrower venular caliber, which are associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease. These data add to the growing evidence of the benefits of fiber intake on various aspects of cardiovascular pathogenesis.Am J Clin Nutr 2007;86:1626 -32.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary fiber intake and retinal vascular caliber in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study

Kan

Stevens

Heiss

et al. 2007

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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“…The possible mechanisms may involve reductions in abdominal obesity (36), increases in peripheral insulin sensitivity (37), improvements in vascular endothelial function (38), and beneficial effects on the digestion and absorption of foods (39). Meanwhile, because the RRs of hypertension in association with whole-grain intake remained significant after adjustment for fiber, fiber may not be the only factor contributing to a reduced risk of hypertension; other nutritional components or their interactions also may contribute to the benefits of whole grains (27).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Whole- and refined-grain intakes and the risk of hypertension in women

Wang

Gaziano

Liu

et al. 2007

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

113

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Background: Prospective studies linking whole-and refined-grain intakes with the risk of hypertension, a major cardiovascular disease risk factor, remain limited. Objective: We aimed to determine whether baseline intake of whole or refined grains is associated with subsequent development of hypertension. Design: We conducted a prospective cohort study in 28 926 female US health professionals aged ͧ45 y who were free of baseline cardiovascular disease, cancer, and hypertension in 1992. Baseline whole-and refined-grain intakes were assessed from semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaires. We identified 8722 incident cases of hypertension from annual questionnaires during 10 y of follow-up. Results: After adjustment for known hypertension risk factors, the relative risks (RRs) (and 95% CIs) of incident hypertension were 1.00 (reference), 0.96 (0.89, 1.03), 0.95 (0.88, 1.02), 0.92 (0.85, 0.99), and 0.89 (0.82, 0.97) across the increasing quintiles of baseline whole-grain intake (P for trend ҃ 0.007). When functional cutoffs were used, women who consumed 0.5 to 1, 1 to 2, 2 to 4, and ͧ4 whole-grain servings/d had multivariate RRs (95% CIs) of 0.93 (0.87, 1.00), 0.93 (0.87, 0.99), 0.92 (0.85, 0.99), and 0.77 (0.66, 0.89), respectively, compared with those who consumed 0.5 whole-grain servings/d. In contrast, refined-grain intake was not associated with the risk of hypertension. The multivariate RRs of hypertension across the increasing quintiles of refined-grain intake were 1. 00, 0.97, 0.94, 0.99, and 0.97 (P for trend ҃ 0.80). Conclusion: Higher whole-grain intake was associated with a reduced risk of hypertension in middle-aged and older women, which suggests a potential role for increasing whole-grain intake in the primary prevention of hypertension and its cardiovascular complications.Am J Clin Nutr 2007;86:472-9.

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“…Truswell (2002) concluded that there is enough evidence to indicate that wholegrain products may reduce the risk of CHD. Katz et al (2001) measured the effect of oat and wheat cereals on endothelial responses in human subjects. They report that daily supplementation with either wholegrain oat or wheat cereal for 1 month may prevent postprandial impairment of vascular reactivity in response to a high-fat meal.…”

Section: Glucose and Insulin Changes Seen With Whole-grain Consumptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why whole grains are protective: biological mechanisms

2003

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Epidemiological studies find that whole-grain intake is protective against cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and obesity. Potential mechanisms for this protection are diverse since whole grains are rich in nutrients and phytochemicals. First, whole grains are concentrated sources of dietary fibre, resistant starch and oligosaccharides, carbohydrates that escape digestion in the small intestine and are fermented in the gut, producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). SCFA lower colonic pH, serve as an energy source for the colonocytes and may alter blood lipids. These improvements in the gut environment may provide immune protection beyond the gut. Second, whole grains are rich in antioxidants, including trace minerals and phenolic compounds, and these compounds have been linked to disease prevention. Additionally, whole grains mediate insulin and glucose responses. Although lower glycaemic load and glycaemic index have been linked to diabetes and obesity, risk of cancers such as colon and breast cancer have also been linked to high intake of readily-available carbohydrate. Finally, whole grains contain many other compounds that may protect against chronic disease. These compunds include phytate, phyto-oestrogens such as lignan, plant stanols and sterols, and vitamins and minerals. As a consequence of the traditional models of conducting nutrition studies on isolated nutrients, few studies exist on the biological effects of increased whole-grain intake. The few whole-grain feeding studies that are available show improvements in biomarkers with whole-grain consumption, such as weight loss, blood lipid improvement and antioxidant protection.

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Effects of Oat and Wheat Cereals on Endothelial Responses

Cited by 62 publications

References 33 publications

Dietary fiber intake and retinal vascular caliber in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study

Dietary fiber intake and retinal vascular caliber in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study

Whole- and refined-grain intakes and the risk of hypertension in women

Why whole grains are protective: biological mechanisms

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