Effects of novelty and methamphetamine on conditioned and sensory reinforcement

Lloyd, D. R.; Kausch, Michael A.; Gancarz, Amy M.; Beyley, Linda J.; Richards, Jerry B.

doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2012.07.012

Cited by 16 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…Studies should continue examining potential mechanisms, such as relating changes in brain activation due to acute nicotine to its reinforcement enhancing effects (e.g., Klinkenberg et al 2013; Paterson, 2009; Wise, 1998). Finally, reinforcement enhancing effects of other drugs of abuse warrant study as they may very well be similar to those observed here with nicotine via smoking (e.g., Lloyd et al, 2012; Sheppard et al, 2012). …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

Influence of reinforcer magnitude and nicotine amount on smoking's acute reinforcement enhancing effects

Perkins

Karelitz

2013

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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Background Nicotine’s acute effects on enhancing reinforcement from sensory rewards, shown in animal models, appear to occur with smoking in humans. These effects may vary due to reinforcer magnitude and amount of acute smoke intake (dose). Methods In a fully within-subjects design, dependent smokers (n=23) participated in 3 sessions. Each session followed overnight abstinence and involved 4 trials to assess responding via progressive ratio (PR50%) for sensory reinforcement from high, moderate, or low preference music, or no reward (counter-balanced, 30-sec/reinforcer). Sessions differed in smoking prior to each trial: 8 puffs on arrival and 2 puffs/trial (“8+2”), 2 puffs/trial only (“0+2”), or no smoking. Puffs were consumed via CReSS (Clinical Research Support System) to control topography, and smoking involved own brand to ensure palatability and increase generalizability of results. Results Reinforced responding was influenced by main effects of smoking condition (p<.05) and music reward type (p<.001). Compared to no smoking, responding for music was increased after smoking 8+2/trial puffs (p<.005), but not after 0+2/trial puffs. Smoking condition significantly increased reinforced responding only for the high preference music (p=.01), and not for moderate or low preference music, or for no reward. Withdrawal did not differ between the two smoking sessions, ruling out withdrawal relief as an explanation for differential reinforcement enhancement. Conclusions Our findings confirm that just one cigarette after abstinence is sufficient for reinforcement enhancing effects and suggest that such enhancement is greater as magnitude of a reward’s reinforcing efficacy increases.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

Influence of reinforcer magnitude and nicotine amount on smoking's acute reinforcement enhancing effects

Perkins

Karelitz

2013

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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“…In addition, other stimulants or similar drugs may comparably enhance reinforcement from non-drug rewards (e.g. Palmatier, Levin, Mays, Donny, Caggiula, & Sved, 2009; Sheppard, Gross, Pavelka, Hall, & Palmatier, 2012), including sensory types (Lloyd et al, 2012; Perkins et al 2013). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensory reinforcement-enhancing effects of nicotine via smoking.

Perkins¹,

Karelitz²

2014

Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology

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As in animal research, acute nicotine in humans enhances reinforcement from rewards unrelated to nicotine intake, but this effect may be specific to rewards from stimuli that are “sensory” in nature. We assessed acute effects of nicotine via smoking on responding for music or video (“sensory”) rewards, for monetary (“non-sensory”) reward, or for no reward (control), to gauge the generalizability of nicotine’s reinforcement enhancing effects. Using a fully within-subjects design, dependent smokers (N=20) participated in three similar experimental sessions, each following overnight abstinence (verified by CO<10 ppm) and varying only in the smoking condition. Sessions involved no smoking or smoking denicotinized (0.05 mg) or nicotine (0.6 mg) QuestR brand cigarettes in controlled fashion prior to responding on a simple operant computer task for each reward separately, using a progressive ratio schedule. The reinforcing effects of music and video rewards, but not money, were significantly greater due to the nicotine versus denicotinized cigarette (i.e. nicotine per se), while there were no differences between the denicotinized cigarette versus no smoking (i.e. smoking behavior per se), except for no reward. These effects were not influenced by withdrawal relief from either cigarette. Results that generalize from an auditory to a visual reward confirm that acute nicotine intake per se enhances the reinforcing value of sensory rewards, but its effects on the value of other (perhaps non-sensory) types of rewards may be more modest.

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“…Finally, effects of other drugs on enhancement of reinforcement in humans warrant study (e.g. Lloyd et al 2012; Perkins et al in press; Sheppard et al 2012). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other stimulant drugs may similarly enhance reinforcement from non-drug rewards (e.g. Sheppard et al 2012), including sensory types (Lloyd et al 2012). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reinforcement enhancing effects of nicotine via smoking

Perkins

Karelitz

2013

Psychopharmacology

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Rationale In animals, nicotine enhances reinforcement from stimuli unrelated to nicotine intake. Human research is suggestive but has not clearly shown a similar influence of nicotine. Objectives We assessed acute effects of nicotine via smoking on enhancement of positive (money, music) or negative (termination of noise) reinforcers, or no “reward” (control). These different rewards determined the generalizability of nicotine effects. Materials and Methods Dependent (n=25) and nondependent (n=27) smokers participated in three sessions, each after overnight abstinence. Using a within-subjects design, sessions involved no smoking or smoking denicotinized (0.05 mg) or nicotine (0.6 mg) QuestR brand cigarettes. For comparison, a fourth session involved no abstinence prior to smoking one’s own brand to gauge responses under typical nicotine satiation. Reinforcement was assessed by responses on a simple operant computer task for the rewards, each available singly on a progressive ratio schedule during separate trials. Results The reinforcing effect of music, but not other rewards, was greater due to the nicotine cigarette, compared to the denicotinized cigarette or no smoking. Reinforcement enhancing effects of nicotine did not differ between dependent and nondependent groups, indicating no influence of withdrawal relief. Responding due to acute nicotine after abstinence was very similar to responding one’s own brand after no abstinence. Conclusions Acute nicotine intake per se from smoking after abstinence enhances the reinforcing value of rewards unassociated with smoking, perhaps in a manner comparable to ad lib smoking after no abstinence. Nicotine’s reinforcement enhancing effects may be specific to certain rewards, perhaps those sensory in nature.

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Effects of novelty and methamphetamine on conditioned and sensory reinforcement

Cited by 16 publications

References 64 publications

Influence of reinforcer magnitude and nicotine amount on smoking's acute reinforcement enhancing effects

Influence of reinforcer magnitude and nicotine amount on smoking's acute reinforcement enhancing effects

Sensory reinforcement-enhancing effects of nicotine via smoking.

Reinforcement enhancing effects of nicotine via smoking

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