“…Clark and Squire (1998) have argued that contingency awareness is necessary for performance on trace, but not delay, eyeblink conditioning tasks. However, other studies of fear conditioning (Baer & Fuhrer, 1968, 1969Biferno & Dawson, 1977;Dawson & Biferno, 1973;Furedy, Arabian, Thiels, & George, 1982;Furedy & Schiffman, 1973;Schiffman & Furedy, 1977) and eyeblink conditioning (Baer & Fuhrer, 1982;Benish & Grant, 1980;Knuttinen et al, 2001;Nelson & Ross, 1974;Perry, Grant, & Schwartz, 1977;Ross & Nelson, 1973) have shown influences of awareness and attention on discriminative learning in which one CS predicts reinforcement (CSĎ©) but another does not (CSĎŞ), even for delay tasks (but see Knight, Nguyen, & Bandettini, 2003). Moreover, awareness of reinforcement contingencies decreases with aging (Knuttinen et al, 2001).…”