Effects of Nitrates and Nitrites in Feed on the Utilization of Carotene in Swine

Hutagalung, R. I.; Chaney, Carlye; Wood, R. D.; Waddill, D. G.

doi:10.2527/jas1968.27179x

Cited by 6 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…Conversely, another K4-scored study ( Tollett et al, 1960 ) found no change in weight gain in swine administered nitrate at levels equal to or less than 1.1 g/kg-bw/day. The K2-rated study by Hutagalung et al (1968) found no effects of nitrate administration on weight gain at 870 mg/kg-bw/day following an 80-day treatment duration. β- Carotene was also co-administered in this study, but findings from this research lend confidence to the EFSA benchmark of 410 mg/kg-bw/day as being protective of effects on weight gain and food intake, and because methemoglobin levels were measured by Hutagalung et al (1968) following a longer exposure duration, the study suggests that exposures upward of 870 mg/kg-bw/day would not be associated with MetHb concerns.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Five of the studies reviewed as part of the WOE exercise examined nitrate exposures for unspecified periods of time, but more than half of the studies evaluated examined nitrate exposure for at least 3 wk. Seven studies investigated longer-term exposures for greater than 8 wk ( Garner et al, 1958 ; Koch et al, 1963 ; Seerley et al, 1965 ; Garrison et al, 1966 ; Wood et al, 1967 ; Hutagalung et al, 1968 ; Bouwkamp and Counotte, 1988 ). In addition, several studies monitored for treatment-related effects throughout the study duration (e.g., Seerley et al, 1965 ; Leĭtis and Emel′ianov, 1969 ; Anderson and Stothers, 1978 ; Jahreis et al, 1987 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, two other studies examined the effects of nitrate co-administration with a sulfa antibiotic ( Paulson and Aschbacher, 1990 ) or iodine ( Jahreis et al, 1986 ). Five studies also examined supplemental exposure of nitrate with vitamin A or its precursor, β-carotene ( Tollett et al, 1960 ; Koch et al, 1963 ; Garrison et al, 1966 ; Wood et al, 1967 ; Hutagalung et al, 1968 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is thought to occur through an impact of nitrite on the thyroid, which, in turn, affects the ability of the thyroid to convert carotene to vitamin A. For this reason, a few studies evaluating exposure to nitrate also co-administered vitamin A or β-carotene ( Tollett et al, 1960 ; Koch et al, 1963 , Wood et al, 1967 ; Hutagalung et al, 1968 ; Garrison et al, 1966 ). Because of this thyroid effect, Jahreis et al (1986) co-administered iodine with nitrate supplementation.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The WOE from this endpoint category suggests that the benchmark value established by EFSA remains appropriate, as the EFSA study ( Wood et al, 1967 ) is part of the work that examined this potentially adverse endpoint. Additionally, the studies that supplemented with vitamin A or β-carotene suggest that much higher nitrate values (~870 mg/kg-bw/d) can be supported ( Hutagalung et al, 1968 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review of potential risks associated with supplemental dietary exposure to nitrate-containing compounds in swine—a paradox in light of emerging benefits

Doepker

Heintz

Ligt

et al. 2021

Translational Animal Science

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Calcium nitrate has been reported to benefit reproductive outcomes in sows and their offspring when administered via the feed (15–19 mg/kg-bw/day) during the periparturient period. Traditionally, dietary nitrate had been considered a methemoglobinemia (MetHb) risk in swine. Similar hazard concerns have existed in humans, but a recent benefit/risk analysis established that nitrate levels associated with well-recognized health benefits outweigh potential risks. A similar benefit/risk perspective in swine was lacking and challenged by sparse published hazard data, often referenced within larger reviews related to all livestock. The objective of this review was to better characterize the potential for adverse health and performance effects reported in the literature for swine consuming nitrate, and to provide metrics for evaluating the reliability of the studies reviewed. Supplemental exposure via feed or drinking water was considered for any life stage, dose, and exposure duration. More than 30 relevant studies, including case reports and reviews, examined calcium, potassium, sodium, or unspecified nitrate salts at doses up to 1,800 mg nitrate/kg-bw/day for exposures ranging from 1 to 105 days. The studies primarily evaluated weight gain, blood methemoglobin levels, or vitamin A homeostasis in sows or growing swine. An extensive review of the literature showed reports of adverse effects at low nitrate doses to be of low reliability. Conversely, reliable studies corroborate nitrate intake from feed or drinking water at levels equal to or greater than EFSA’s no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for swine of 410 mg nitrate/kg-bw/day, with no MetHb or other adverse effects on reproduction, growth, or vitamin A levels. Using a weight-of-evidence evaluation, we have moderate to high confidence that the NOAEL for nitrate supplementation in swine is likely between 600 and 800 mg/kg-bw/day. These levels are several-fold higher than dietary nitrate concentrations (19 mg/kg-bw/day) that are known to benefit birth outcomes in sows. This review elucidates the quality and reliability of the information sources historically used to characterize nitrate in swine feed as a contaminant of concern. Results from this evaluation can assist risk managers (e.g., regulatory officials and veterinarians) in consideration of proposed benefits, as well as reassuring swine producers that low-level nitrate supplementation is not anticipated to be a concern.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%