Effects of newer oral contraceptives on the inhibition of coagulation and fibrinolysis in relation to dosage and type of steroid

Effect of second- and third-generation oral contraceptives on the protein C system in the absence or presence of the factor VLeiden mutation: a randomized trial

“…[1][2][3] Particularly, the differential changes of the proteins involved in the protein C system may contribute to the thrombotic effects of oral contraceptives. In the present study, we found that third-generation oral contraceptives have a stronger effect on anticoagulant parameters than secondgeneration preparations.…”

“…Epidemiologic studies clearly demonstrated an association between the use of oral contraceptives (OCs) and an increased risk of venous [1][2][3] and arterial thrombosis. [4][5][6] Over the years, there have been many important changes in the composition and use of these preparations to reduce the vascular and metabolic side effects.…”

New Insights into the Functions of Histidine-Rich Glycoprotein

“…The HRG level is approximately 18% at the time of birth (Caccamo et al, 1992), approximately 50% at 1 year of age, and reaches the normal adult range at 3 years of age (Corrigan et al, 1990). Since serum HRG decreases during pregnancy and with low-dose oral contraceptives containing levonorgestrel or lynestrenol (Jespersen et al, 1990), it is assumed that estrogens are responsible for this change (Haukkamaa et al, 1983;Hennis et al, 1995a). The level returns to normal within 2 weeks after delivery (Omri et al, 1988).…”

Oral Contraceptives Highlight the Genotype-Specific Association Between Serum Phospholipids and Activated Factor VII

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6] The most important cardiovascular complications noted were venous thromboembolism, myocardial infarction, and thrombotic stroke, 6 -11 with higher risk and susceptibility in female smokers in the 35ϩ age range. 12 The increased CVD risk has been attributed to the estrogenic component 7,13 : in fact, it was found to be reduced after the introduction of OCs containing a lower estrogen dose, [13][14][15][16][17][18] but recently venous thromboembolism was found to be higher in women using contraceptives containing third-generation compared with second-generation progestogens. 19 -22 The effect of OCs on hemostatis is an increase in the levels of some coagulation factors (factors II, VII [FVII], IX, X, XI, and VIII; von Willebrand factor; and fibrinogen), of protein C, and of protein complexes and fragments related to the activation of coagulation (thrombin-antithrombin complexes and D-dimer); these enhance fibrinolysis and decrease the levels of antithrombin III, protein S, and C4b-binding protein.…”