Effects of nasal ZnSO4 irrigation and olfactory bulbectomy on rat pups

Singh, Pauline Jirik; Tucker, A. Marie; Hofer, Myron A.

doi:10.1016/0031-9384(76)90094-9

Cited by 108 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…4 E and F). Moreover, neonatal animals could suckle, which requires olfactory function (22,23), and adult animals appeared normal, except that L63 and homozygous L54 mice did not always mate. These results suggest that even high levels of BL expression may be relatively innocuous, at least in the olfactory system.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A genetic approach to trace neural circuits

Horowitz

Montmayeur²,

Echelard³

et al. 1999

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Mammalian nervous system function involves billions of neurons which are interconnected in a multitude of neural circuits. Here we describe a genetic approach to chart neural circuits. By using an olfactoryspecific promoter, we selectively expressed barley lectin in sensory neurons in the olfactory epithelium and vomeronasal organ of transgenic mice. The lectin was transported through the axons of those neurons to the olfactory bulb, transferred to the bulb neurons with which they synapse, and transported through the axons of bulb neurons to the olfactory cortex. The lectin also was retrogradely transported from the bulb to neuromodulatory brain areas. No evidence could be obtained for adverse effects of the lectin on odorant receptor gene expression, sensory axon targeting in the bulb, or the generation or transmission of signals by olfactory sensory neurons. Transneuronal transfer was detected prenatally in the odorsensing pathway, but only postnatally in the pheromonesensing pathway, suggesting that odors, but not pheromones, may be sensed in utero. Our studies demonstrate that a plant lectin can serve as a transneuronal tracer when its expression is genetically targeted to a subset of neurons. This technology can potentially be applied to a variety of vertebrate and invertebrate neural systems and may be particularly valuable for mapping connections formed by small subsets of neurons and for studying the development of connectivity as it occurs in utero.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A genetic approach to trace neural circuits

Horowitz

Montmayeur²,

Echelard³

et al. 1999

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Illness behavior, such as hypoactivity and increased mortality, after zinc sulfate infusion has been reported in adult rats (Sieck and Baumbach, 1974;Mayer and Rosenblatt, 1993;Kolunie and Stern, 1995) and have been explained by toxicity of zinc sulfate entering the stomach (Sieck and Baumbach, 1974;Mayer and Rosenblatt, 1977). Therefore, a short perforated plastic tube connected to a syringe was inserted into the esophagus before the infusion procedure to prevent any zinc sulfate solution from entering the pup's stomach (Singh et al, 1976). After infusion, the pups were placed in a holding cage separate from the dam, left on a heating pad, and allowed 4 h of recovery time before behavioral testing commenced.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We used zinc sulfate (ZnSO 4 ) to induce anosmia because the nasal infusion of zinc sulfate selectively destroys the olfactory mucosa and, thus, impairs the function of the main olfactory but not the accessory olfactory system in rat pups (Singh et al, 1976;Hofer and Shair, 1991;Shair et al, 1999). Because zinc sulfate treatment does not seem to have lasting effects, at least in adult rats (Slotnick et al, 2000), the pups were tested within hours (see below) of zinc sulfate treatment.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of the Amygdala and Olfaction in Unconditioned Fear in Developing Rats

Chen¹,

Shemyakin²,

Wiedenmayer³

2006

J. Neurosci.

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Early in ontogeny, young rats must be able to detect dangerous stimuli and to exhibit appropriate defensive behaviors. Different nuclei of the amygdala mediate unconditioned and conditioned fear responses to threat in adult rats. The aim of this study was to determine the role of the amygdala in unlearned fear behavior in young rats. When exposed to an unfamiliar adult male rat, preweaning rat pups freeze, with peak levels on postnatal day 14 and declining levels on day 18. Pups were made anosmic to block olfactory input to the amygdala, and amygdala activation was assessed by quantifying the neuronal marker c-fos. Anosmic pups did not freeze in the presence of the male rat and had decreased c-fos expression in the medial amygdala on day 14 and in the medial and lateral amygdala on day 18. However, the decrease in freezing between days 14 and 18 was not associated with a decrease in c-fos expression in the medial amygdala. The medial and lateral amygdala were then inactivated by local muscimol infusion on day 14. Muscimol infusion into the medial amygdala decreased freezing to the male rat but not to a loud noise, whereas infusion into the lateral amygdala blocked freezing to a loud noise but not to the male. These findings indicate that different nuclei of the amygdala process sensory information of different modalities, mediate unconditioned freezing, and may be involved in developmental changes in the fear response in young rats.

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“…Rat pups that lose their sense of smell as the result of olfactory bulbectomy or peripheral destruction of the olfactory epithelium exhibit deficits in weight gain and heightened mortality rates [1,11]. Bulbectomized pups were unable to locate and attach to a nipple from a very short distance [7,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemosensory deficits are associated with reduced weight gain in newly hatched chicks

et al. 2002

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-The influence of chemosensory perception on weight gain by newly hatched chicks was investigated. One day after hatching, 96 chicks were randomly assigned to 3 treatment conditions (32 chicks per condition): Both nares blocked with acrylic cement; 1 nare blocked; controls, with unblocked nares. Pairs of chicks in the same treatment condition were housed together with ad lib access to food and water; all chicks were weighed on the treatment day and 1, 2, 3 and 6 days later. Beginning one day post-treatment, and on each of the subsequent test days, chicks with both nares blocked weighed significantly less than those with only one blocked nare, or the controls. No significant differences were observed between chicks with one blocked nare vs. the controls. The relative weight gained between successive measures (proportion of initial body weight) by chicks with both nares blocked was less than that of the other conditions during the first 2 days following treatment, however, there were no differences between conditions after that time. In tests conducted to assess whether the treatment effectively disrupted chemosensory perception, control chicks and those with one blocked nare displayed overt responses when exposed to the odor of mint, but there was little reaction by chicks with both nares blocked. Reduced weight gain by chicks with olfactory deficits presumably reflects disrupted feeding behavior, however, after 2 days, those chicks compensated for their perceptual impairments. These results further illustrate the salience of chemical stimuli for newly hatched chicks. chicks / olfaction / chemosensory perception / weight gain / anosmiaRésumé -Un déficit de l'olfaction est associé à une réduction du gain de poids chez les poussins nouveau-nés. L'influence de la perception olfactive sur le gain de poids de poussins nouveau-nés a été examinée. Un jour après l'éclosion, 96 poussins ont été aléatoirement assignés à 3 conditions de traitement (32 poussins par condition) : (i) les deux narines bloquées avec un ciment acrylique ; (ii) une seule narine bloquée ; (iii) les narines dégagées (témoin). Les poussins sont logés par paires d'un même traitement avec un accès continu à l'aliment et à l'eau. Tous les poussins ont été pesés le jour du traitement (à l'arrivée) et 1, 2, 3 et 6 jours plus tard. Dès le blocage des narines et pendant chacun des jours suivants du test, les poussins avec les deux narines bloquées pesaient significativement moins lourd que ceux avec seulement une narine bloquée, ou les témoins. Aucune différence significative n'a été observée entre les poussins avec une narine bloquée et les témoins. Le gain de poids relatif quotidien (gain de poids/poids initial) était moindre chez les poussins ayant les deux narines bloquées par rapport aux autres pendant les 2 premiers jours après le traitement. Cependant, il n'y avait aucune différence entre les traitements après ce temps. Dans des tests conduits pour évaluer si le traitement a efficacement perturbé la perception olfactive, les poussins témoins...

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Effects of nasal ZnSO4 irrigation and olfactory bulbectomy on rat pups

Cited by 108 publications

References 22 publications

A genetic approach to trace neural circuits

A genetic approach to trace neural circuits

The Role of the Amygdala and Olfaction in Unconditioned Fear in Developing Rats

Chemosensory deficits are associated with reduced weight gain in newly hatched chicks

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