Effects of naltrexone and signaling inescapable electric shock on nociception and gastric lesions in rats.

Guile, Michael N.; McCutcheon, N. Bruce

doi:10.1037/0735-7044.98.4.695

Cited by 14 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The WS seems to alert and arouse the rat in this situation. Caul et al (1972), Gliner (1972), Guile and McCutcheon (1984), Mezinskis et al (1971), Price (1972, Ex-periment 2), Seligman (1968), Seligman and Meyer (1970), Simpson et al (1975), Tsuda andHirai (1976, tail shock), andWeiss (1970). Some of them have additional confounds besides food and restraint and need careful analysis.…”

Section: Confounding Variables: Alternative Resolution Of the Conflictmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress of predictable and unpredictable shock.

Arthur¹

1986

Psychological Bulletin

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This article examines the claim that unpredictable shock is more stressful than predictable shock in short-term studies (Abbott, Schoen, & Badia, 1984). These authors' classification of studies as short or long term, their conceptualization of them as predictability studies, and their failure to note contrary evidence are discussed. The conclusion is that predictable shock (the presence of a warning signal before shock) makes the situation more stressful both in short-and long-term studies. Conflicting results are most likely due to the presence of additional and confounding variables in contrary studies.Stress has been one of the most prolific areas of research for many different sciences; Selye (1976) had counted over 110,000 studies on stress by 1976. One of the continuing questions in stress research in psychology is the effect of the presence of a warning signal (WS). Do organisms suffer more stress when inescapable unpleasant events are preceded by a WS, or do they suffer more stress when there is no WS? In short, is it better to know or not to know that something unavoidable is about to happen? This is an important question for psychology in general, and not just for animal research. The issue of whether the presence of a WS is more aversive and more stressful than its absence has been reviewed several times with reference to behavioral measures of aversiveness and stress (Averill, 1973;

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Section: Confounding Variables: Alternative Resolution Of the Conflictmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress of predictable and unpredictable shock.

Arthur¹

1986

Psychological Bulletin

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“…For example, in the rat, which was the original model in which stressor predictability has been studied, it reduces the behavioural responses to stress, as well as detrimental consequences of stress such as pain reactivity, immunosuppression, gastric ulceration and colonic motility (e.g. [6,[32][33][34][35][36]). Similar results have been found subsequently in other mammalian species (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive appraisal in fish: stressor predictability modulates the physiological and neurobehavioural stress response in sea bass

et al. 2020

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The role of cognitive factors in triggering the stress response is well established in humans and mammals (aka cognitive appraisal theory) but very seldom studied in other vertebrate taxa. Predictability is a key factor of the cognitive evaluation of stimuli. In this study, we tested the effects of stressor predictability on behavioral, physiological and neuromolecular responses in the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Groups of four fish were exposed to a predictable (signalled) or unpredictable (unsignalled) stressor. Stressor predictability elicited a lower behavioural response and reduced cortisol levels. Using the expression of immediate early genes (c-fos, egr-1, bdnf and npas4) as markers of neuronal activity, we monitored the activity of three sea bass brain regions known to be implicated in stressor appraisal: the dorsomedian telencephalon, Dm (putative homologue of the pallial amygdala); and the dorsal (Dld) and ventral (Dlv) subareas of the dorsolateral telencephalon ( putative homologue of the hippocampus). The activity of both the Dm and Dlv significantly responded to stressor predictability, suggesting an evolutionarily conserved role of these two brain regions in information processing related to stressor appraisal. These results indicate that stressor predictability plays a key role in the activation of the stress response in a teleost fish, hence highlighting the role of cognitive processes in fish stress.

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“…However, there is also evidence to suggest that many of the effects previously attributed to a lack of control may in fact be due to a lack of predictability (Mineka, Cook, & Miller, 1984;Mineka & Henderson, 1985). Behavioral and physiological consequences of unpredictable shock are similar to those of uncontrollable shock, resulting in greater pituitary-adrenal activation (Dess et aI., 1983), more severe gastric ulceration (Weiss, 1971), and decreased responsiveness to nociceptive stimuli (Guile & McCutcheon, 1984) in comparison with predictable shock. Unpredictable shock also impairs appetitive instrumental responding (Seligman, 1968), and rats exhibit a preference for predictable over unpredictable food delivery (Prokasy, 1956).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of loss of control and predictability in the hypoalgesic response to noncontingent food delivery in rats

Hodgson

Bond

1994

Psychobiology

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Exposure to noncontingent food delivery has been shown to elicit an increase in nociceptive thresholds in food-deprived rats. In Experiment 1, we examined whether this hypoalgesic response might be attributed to a loss of control over food delivery. Rats were exposed to noncontingent food delivery with or without prior exposure to contingent food delivery, and nociceptive thresholds were recorded using the tail-immersion test. Both groups of rats exhibited significant increases in nociceptive thresholds, and no differences were found between rats that had experienced a loss of control and those that had not. In Experiment 2, we examined the role of predictability in the hypoalgesic response to noncontingent food delivery. Food-deprived rats were exposed to noncontingent food delivery with or without a light signal preceding the delivery of each food pellet. Both groups of animals exhibited significant increases in nociceptive thresholds. However, the hypoalgesic response was significantly reduced when food delivery was preceded by a light signal. These findings suggest that it is not merely a lack of control over food delivery which may be responsible for the activation of analgesic mechanism, but that the availability of predictability has an important modulatory role as well.Exposure to a wide variety of stressors has been shown to increase nociceptive thresholds in rats. This phenomenon, referred to as "stress-induced analgesia" (SIA), involves the activation of multiple pain inhibitory systems-some opioid mediated, others nonopioid mediated-that inhibit nociception via neural and/or hormonal mechanisms (for reviews, see Bodnar, 1986;Kelly, 1986;Rodgers & Randall, 1988). Although much of the research on SIA has utilized nociceptive stimuli, there is evidence that nonnociceptive stimuli can also activate these mechanisms (

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Effects of naltrexone and signaling inescapable electric shock on nociception and gastric lesions in rats.

Cited by 14 publications

References 32 publications

Stress of predictable and unpredictable shock.

Stress of predictable and unpredictable shock.

Cognitive appraisal in fish: stressor predictability modulates the physiological and neurobehavioural stress response in sea bass

The role of loss of control and predictability in the hypoalgesic response to noncontingent food delivery in rats

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