Effects of n–3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on depressed mood: systematic review of published trials

Appleton, Katherine; Hayward, Robert C.; Gunnell, David; Peters, Tim; Rogers, Peter J.; Keßler, David; Ness, Andrew R

doi:10.1093/ajcn/84.6.1308

Cited by 188 publications

(129 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Differences between analyses exist dependent on inclusion criteria, but all four suggest a beneficial effect of n-3PUFA for depressive illness -combined effect sizes range from 0·13 (95 % CI 0·01, 0·25) to 0·61 (95 % CI 0·21, 1·01). All four meta-analyses also report clear heterogeneity between study findings, and the three conducted following a systematic review of the published literature (138,140,141) also suggest considerable publication bias, where small studies reporting positive findings are more likely to be published than small studies showing negative findings (138) . The heterogeneity and publication bias in these analyses argue for caution when interpreting the overall effect sizes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Is there a role forn-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in the regulation of mood and behaviour? A review of the evidence to date from epidemiological studies, clinical studies and intervention trials

2008

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Selected biochemical evidence suggests a potential role for n-3 long-chain PUFA (n-3PUFA) in the regulation of mood and behaviour. The present paper reviews the relevant evidence, to date, from epidemiological studies, clinical studies and intervention trials. Most evidence is available investigating a role for n-3PUFA in depression, depressive illness and suicidal behaviour, but work is also available on anxiety and anxiety-related disorders, fatigue and fatigue-related disorders, aggression, hostility and anti-social behaviour, inattention, impulsivity and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and schizophrenic disorders. For all these aspects of mood and behaviour, the evidence available is currently limited and highly inconsistent, both in terms of study methodology and study findings. There is a clear need for further work in this area.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Is there a role forn-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in the regulation of mood and behaviour? A review of the evidence to date from epidemiological studies, clinical studies and intervention trials

2008

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“…Delayed onset of depressive periods Human (bipolar) [106] Decreased Human (bipolar) [89] No benefit 6 g/day EPA Human (bipolar) [47] Improvement with 1 g/day EPA Human (bipolar) [30] Various effects with various concentrations of various fatty acids Human For review: [5] Improved spatial memory Mouse Alzheimer model [38] Improved acquisition and retention in a T-maze foot shock avoidance test EPA eicosapentaenoic acid Finally, it is important to note that independent of calorie intake, diets with high-fat content are detrimental and impair AHN in male rats. The authors hypothesize that high dietary fat intake disrupts AHN through an increase in serum corticosterone levels, and that males are more susceptible than females [67].…”

Section: Dietary Modulation Of Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of diet on adult hippocampal neurogenesis

2009

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Research over the last 5 years has firmly established that learning and memory abilities, as well as mood, can be influenced by diet, although the mechanisms by which diet modulates mental health are not well understood. One of the brain structures associated with learning and memory, as well as mood, is the hippocampus. Interestingly, the hippocampus is one of the two structures in the adult brain where the formation of newborn neurons, or neurogenesis, persists. The level of neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus has been linked directly to cognition and mood. Therefore, modulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) by diet emerges as a possible mechanism by which nutrition impacts on mental health. In this study, we give an overview of the mechanisms and functional implications of AHN and summarize recent findings regarding the modulation of AHN by diet.

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“…For example, an association between depressive symptoms and low levels of several dietary B vitamins has been suggested, including for folate, riboflavin (vitamin B-2), pyridoxine (vitamin B-6), and cobalamin (vitamin B-12), possibly mediated by homocysteine or the synthesis of monoamines in the brain [3,4]. Further, n-3 PUFA, of which alpha-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid are the most important representatives, may play various broad roles in brain function and activity and have been suggested to play a role in depression [5,6]. Additionally, because food consumption pattern reflects complex interrelations and interactions among the individual, the culture, and society in which people live, social and psychological mechanisms in addition to biological mechanisms may be also possible [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary intake and depressive symptoms: A systematic review of observational studies

Murakami

Sasaki

2010

Molecular Nutrition Food Res

132

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The importance of research into the possible role of dietary intake in depressive symptoms is emphasized by the fact that diet is modifiable. We systematically reviewed observational studies investigating the association between dietary intake and depressive symptoms published in English as of December 2008. Using the PubMed database, 34 publications (23 cross-sectional, 10 prospective cohort, and 1 case-control studies) were identified. The number of subjects (n 5 80-27 111), age of subjects (15-97 years), dietary assessment method (dietary record, diet history interview, and validated and non-validated dietary questionnaire), depressive symptom assessment (discharge diagnosis, established scale, and self-reported information) varied among studies. Dietary variables most frequently investigated included long chain n-3 PUFA, fish, folate, and other B vitamins. Most studies found no association between dietary variables and depressive symptoms. However, most studies included at least one important methodological limitation, such as no inference for causality, unreliable or rough assessment of diet or depressive symptoms, inadequate treatment of potential confounding factors, and ignorance of the possible mediating or confounding influence of other dietary variables. Further evidence from well-designed observational studies is required to confirm or refute the association between dietary intake and depressive symptoms in freeliving settings.

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Effects of n–3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on depressed mood: systematic review of published trials

Cited by 188 publications

References 43 publications

Is there a role forn-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in the regulation of mood and behaviour? A review of the evidence to date from epidemiological studies, clinical studies and intervention trials

Is there a role forn-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in the regulation of mood and behaviour? A review of the evidence to date from epidemiological studies, clinical studies and intervention trials

Impact of diet on adult hippocampal neurogenesis

Dietary intake and depressive symptoms: A systematic review of observational studies

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