Effects of n-3 fatty acid supplementation from flax oil on growth performance, ruminal fermentation, and immune response in Holstein dairy calves fed either coarsely ground or steam-flaked corn grain

Jasem, Morteza Kazem; Fattahnia, F.; Mohammadi, Yahya; Shokri, AliNaghi; Khalilvandi-Behroozyar, Hamed; Kazemi-Bonchenari, M.

doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115372

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…In the present study, these parameters, such as growth performance, feed efficiency, and health of calves, did not show a significant difference between the CCO group rich in MCFAs and the PLO group rich in SFAs and MUFAs when compared with the CON group. These results differed from those studies as described above [ 41 , 42 , 43 ], which might be attributed to those differences in fat content and fatty acid composition. In this study, the intake of EFAs and some functional fatty acids such as butyric acid and α-linolenic acid in the three treatments was lower compared to the dose in other studies [ 41 , 42 ], which partly explains the lack of differences in growth performance and the health of suckling calves.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…These results differed from those studies as described above [ 41 , 42 , 43 ], which might be attributed to those differences in fat content and fatty acid composition. In this study, the intake of EFAs and some functional fatty acids such as butyric acid and α-linolenic acid in the three treatments was lower compared to the dose in other studies [ 41 , 42 ], which partly explains the lack of differences in growth performance and the health of suckling calves. In addition, no negative effects on starter intake were observed at the low-fat (120 g/kg DM) level, which was consistent with the results described by Hill et al [ 39 ].…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…The decline in growth performance might mainly attribute to the increase in flow rates of total protein and fat out of the abomasum due to high fat (fat > 200 g/kg of DM) in MRs, and the decrease in the nutrient digestibility and starters intake [ 39 , 40 ]. Meanwhile, those benefits, including the improvement in the growth performance, development of gastrointestinal tract, immune response, and health in calves, resulting from adding functional fatty acids or essential fatty acids (EFAs) from flax oil [ 41 ], soybean oil [ 42 ], or porcine lard [ 43 ] into MRs, have been demonstrated by some researchers. For example, the supplementation with a blend of butyric acid, MCFAs, and linolenic acid into MRs could improve ADG and feed efficiency and reduce calf diarrhea [ 29 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The PUFAs were converted into UFAs by hydrogenation of rumen microorganisms, and it would inhibit the growth of cellulolytic bacteria and some butyrate-producing bacteria, including the stearic acid producer Clostridium proteoclasticum , Butyrivibrio hungatei , and Eubacterium ruminantium [ 59 ]. In contrast, Jasem et al reported that supplemental α-linolenic acid from flax oil increased the concentrations of total VFAs and proportion of butyrate in dairy calves [ 41 ], which could promote rumen epithelial cell proliferation in weaning calves [ 9 ]. Furthermore, numerous studies reported that coconut oil or lauric acid could change rumen protozoal numbers, microbial populations, and ruminal fermentation patterns in dairy cows and then affect nutrient digestion and methane emission [ 60 , 61 , 62 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Coconut Oil and Palm Oil on Growth, Rumen Microbiota, and Fatty Acid Profile of Suckling Calves

Piao

Yang

et al. 2023

Microorganisms

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This study aimed to evaluate the effects of coconut oil and palm oil in milk replacer (MR) on the growth performance, blood lipids, rumen fermentation, rumen microbiota, and fatty acid profile of hepatic and muscle of suckling calves. Thirty-six Holstein male calves were randomly assigned to three treatments. Three milk replacers containing different fat sources were as follows: control group (CON, milk fat), coconut oil group (CCO, coconut oil powder as fat), and palm oil group (PLO, palm oil powder as fat). Calves were weighed and blood sampled at 14, 28, 42, and 56 days old, respectively, and the feed intake and fecal score were recorded daily. Fat sources in milk replacers had no effects on body weight, ADG, DMI, fecal score, or days of abnormal fecal in suckling calves among the three groups, while the PLO group tended to decrease starter intake compared with the other groups. Serum concentrations of TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, and VLDL-C in the CCO group increased compared with those of the CON group. Palm oil also decreased the serum GLU concentration of calves but had no effects on serum lipids compared with milk fat. Coconut oil or palm oil had no effects on rumen fermentation, rumen chyme enzyme activity, rumen bacterial community richness and diversity, and dominant phyla and genera when compared with milk fat. However, compared with the CON group, the CCO group increased the proportion of MCFAs and n-6 PUFAs, and decreased the proportion of UFAs and MUFAs in liver tissue, while the PLO group increased the proportion of PUFAs and decreased the proportion of n-3 PUFAs in liver tissue. In addition, compared with the CON group, the CCO group increased the proportion of MCFAs, and decreased the proportion of UFAs and n-3 PUFAs in longissimus dorsi, while the PLO group increased the proportion of PUFAs and decreased the proportion of n-3 PUFAs in longissimus dorsi. In conclusion, compared with milk fat, coconut oil or palm oil in MR had no effects on growth performance, rumen fermentation, and rumen microflora but significantly increased serum lipids concentration and changed some proportions of MCFAs and PUFAs in liver and longissimus dorsi in suckling calves. These results indicate that coconut oil or palm oil as the sole fat source for MRs has no adverse effect on calf rumen fermentation and rumen microbiota but has a detrimental effect on n-3 PUFAs deposition in the liver and longissimus dorsi muscle.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Coconut Oil and Palm Oil on Growth, Rumen Microbiota, and Fatty Acid Profile of Suckling Calves

Piao

Yang

et al. 2023

Microorganisms

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“…In addition, branched-chained AAs and methionine seem to play an important role in the immune function of dairy cows and calves [ 38 ]. Recently, some researchers evaluated the immune function of dairy calves fed starter diets containing different FAs [ 39 , 40 ]; however, more research is warranted to specifically evaluate the effect of starter CP level on immune function in suckling calves. Results of the current study suggest that LSO supplementation along with higher starter CP content in pre-weaned calves can probably be considered as a practical and on-farm method to reduce the inflammatory responses in pre-weaning calves, which are susceptible to infections in this critical period of time.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Soybean and Linseed Oils Calcium Salts and Starter Protein Content on Growth Performance, Immune Response, and Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency in Holstein Dairy Calves

Rajabi

Fattahnia

Shamsollahi

et al. 2023

Animals

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This study aimed to investigate the interaction of fatty acid (FA) source [calcium salt of soybean oil (n-6 FA) vs. calcium salt of linseed oil (n-3 FA) both 3% DM basis] with protein content (18% vs. 22% CP, based on DM) on growth performance, blood metabolites, immune function, skeletal growth indices, urinary purine derivatives (PD), and microbial protein synthesis (MPS) in young dairy calves. Forty 3-day-old calves (20 females and 20 males) with a starting body weight (BW) of 40.2 kg were assigned in a completely randomized block design in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Experimental diets were: (1) n-6 FA with 18% CP (n-6-18CP), (2) n-6 FA with 22% CP (n-6-22CP), (3) n-3 FA with 18% CP (n-3-18CP), and (4) n-3 FA with 22% CP (n-3-22CP). Starter feed intake and average daily gain (ADG) were not influenced by experimental diets (p > 0.05). However, before weaning and the entire period, feed efficiency (FE) was greater in calves fed n-3 FA compared to n-6 FA (p < 0.05). Heart girth (weaning, p < 0.05) and hip height (weaning, p < 0.05 and final, p < 0.01) were highest among experimental treatments in calves who received n-3-22CP diets. The greatest blood glucose (p < 0.05) and insulin (p < 0.01) concentrations in the pre-weaning period and the lowest serum concentration of tumor necrosis factor (before weaning, p < 0.05) were observed in calves fed the n-3-22CP diet. However, the greatest blood urea N (before weaning, p < 0.05; after weaning, p < 0.05) and urinary N excretion (p < 0.05) were found in calves fed n-6-22CP diets compared to other experimental arrangements. In conclusion, offering calves with Ca-salt of n-3 FA along with 22% CP content may be related to improved nitrogen efficiency and immune function.

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Effects of low-quality forage and starter protein content in starter diet of young calves on growth performance, rumen fermentation, and urinary purine derivatives

Jalayerinejad,

Kazemi-Bonchenari,

Mirzaei

et al. 2024

Trop Anim Health Prod

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Effects of n-3 fatty acid supplementation from flax oil on growth performance, ruminal fermentation, and immune response in Holstein dairy calves fed either coarsely ground or steam-flaked corn grain

Cited by 5 publications

References 60 publications

Effects of Coconut Oil and Palm Oil on Growth, Rumen Microbiota, and Fatty Acid Profile of Suckling Calves

Effects of Coconut Oil and Palm Oil on Growth, Rumen Microbiota, and Fatty Acid Profile of Suckling Calves

Effects of Soybean and Linseed Oils Calcium Salts and Starter Protein Content on Growth Performance, Immune Response, and Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency in Holstein Dairy Calves

Effects of low-quality forage and starter protein content in starter diet of young calves on growth performance, rumen fermentation, and urinary purine derivatives

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