Effects of microstructure on cleavage fracture stress in steel

Abstract

It is shown, by compiling data from the literature, that there is a general relationship between the ferrite grain size and the size of the largest carbide particle in mild steels which are simply cooled after austenitization. By using this relationship, a cleavage fracture criterion derived by Smith is shown to predict a grain size dependence for the cleavage fracture stress of mild steel that is in good agreement with the results of many workers. These results indicate a value of 14 J m -2 for the effective surface energy of ferrite.Experimental results are presented showing the variation of the cleavage fracture stress of spheroidized steels with carbide particle radius. These support the suggestion that cleavage in such steels is due to the propagation of penny-shaped crack nuclei prod uced when spheroidal carbide particles crack. If the 95th percentile carbide radius is taken to represent the crack nucleus radius, an effective surface energy value of 14 Jm-2 is found to satisfy the fracture stress results. This value is in agreement with that deduced in the first part of the paper. This paPer comprises two complementary studies of the influence of microstructural variables on the cleavage fracture stress (Jf in plain-carbon steel. The first part is a critical analysis of previous fracture stress values and metallographic observations, to show that it is possible to explain the apparently anomalous result, that the strong dependence of (Jf on ferrite grain size, which is found experimentally, is not predicted by the most rigorous theoretical model available. The second part presents experimental results for the dependence of the fracture stress on carbide diameter in spheroidized steels and demonstrates that this follows the Griffith type of relationship. EFFECT OF FERRITE GRAIN SIZE ON afThere is abundant evidence that cleavage fracture in mild steels occurs when a microcrack in a brittle grain boundary carbide propagates at a critical tensile fracture stress .1-3 Smith 4 has modelled the situation for a nucleus initiated in a grain boundary carbide by a dislocation pile up of length equal to half the grain diameter. Detailed consideration of energy changes enables the critical value of fracture stress (J f to be related to the microstructural parameters of grain size d and carbide thickness Co through the equation:(1)where ri is the lattice friction stress, reff the effective shear stress, y p the effective surface energy of ferrite, E Young's modulus, and v Poisson's ratio. This is a plane strain model, appropriate if the grain boundary carbides are plate-like in form, i.e. long in the direction of the normal to the plane of the two-dimensional configuration analysed.At first sight, eqn.(1) predicts that the fracture stress depends on the ferrite 'grain diameter d. However, if the effective shear stress ref f is written as k~d-l/2, where k~is the gradient of the Hall-Petch (shear) yielding relationship, the fracture criterion reduces to:

Analysis of notch effect in the apparent fracture toughness and the fracture micromechanisms of ferritic–pearlitic steels operating within their lower shelf

“…The material conditions analysed in this paper are basically brittle, although in notched conditions there are some plastic phenomena prior to the final cleavage instability. The literature presents a number of significant papers (e.g., [30][31][32][33]) dealing with cleavage fracture which are based on an elastic-plastic approach and on the consideration, explicitly or implicitly, of a material characteristic dimension.…”

Statistical analysis of cleavage fracture ahead of sharp cracks and rounded notches

“…The statistical model consid~rs that particles located within the plastic zone are susceptible to cracking and, when cracked, exhibit a "strength 11 S inversely related to their diameter dp (23),…”

Brittle fracture in structural steels: perspectives at different size-scales

“…Other results, derived from the fracture stresses in wrought steels containing carbides, suggest a range of order 8-14 Jm −2 [14,18]. It should be emphasized that the very high amounts of work associated with failure in standard fracture toughness tests relate to the precursor work required to develop a sufficiently large plastic zone ahead of the fatigue pre-crack to generate the required level of tensile stress to propagate a microcrack.…”

“…The critical tensile stress criterion has been used to explain the values of fracture toughness, Curry & Knott [13][14][15] …”