Effects of Microgravity on the Virulence of<i>Salmonella</i>Toward<i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i>

Hammond, Timothy G.; Stodieck, Louis S.; Birdsall, Holly H.; Becker, Jeanne L.; Koenig, Paul; Hammond, Jeffrey; Gunter, Margaret A.; Allen, Patricia

doi:10.1089/space.2013.0011

Cited by 7 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 29 publications

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“…Second, the model organisms can be easily propagated in the laboratory, thereby decreasing costs and increasing the number of replicates. Finally, they can be used in situations where larger models are not practical, such as in space (e.g., on space shuttles or the International Space Station) (120) or when highthroughput analysis is required. It is in this capacity for use in a high-throughput screening assay that these models may be most useful in vaccine research.…”

Section: Insect Nematode and Fish Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal Models for Salmonellosis: Applications in Vaccine Research

Higginson

Simon

Tennant

2016

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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Salmonellosis remains an important cause of human disease worldwide. While there are several licensed vaccines for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, these vaccines are generally ineffective against other Salmonella serovars. Vaccines that target paratyphoid and nontyphoidal Salmonella serovars are very much in need. Preclinical evaluation of candidate vaccines is highly dependent on the availability of appropriate scientific tools, particularly animal models. Many different animal models exist for various Salmonella serovars, from whole-animal models to smaller models, such as those recently established in insects. Here, we discuss various mouse, rat, rabbit, calf, primate, and insect models for Salmonella infection, all of which have their place in research. However, choosing the right model is imperative in selecting the best vaccine candidates for further clinical testing. In this minireview, we summarize the various animal models that are used to assess salmonellosis, highlight some of the advantages and disadvantages of each, and discuss their value in vaccine development.A nimal models are indispensable tools for assessing candidate vaccines, with preclinical animal safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy data being prerequisite for regulatory agencies such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) prior to undertaking early-stage clinical trials. However, not all animal models are created equal. While some models are highly robust and closely mimic clinical infection, others are contrived and far removed from clinical relevance. Choosing the right animal model for the vaccine under investigation is imperative in determining its safety and/or effectiveness.Salmonella spp. are often used as model organisms to study bacterial pathogenesis and host-microbe interactions, due to the ability of certain Salmonella serovars to readily infect animals. As such, there are a myriad of animal models available to vaccine developers. These range from colonization or lethality models to those involving complex surgical techniques (Table 1). The choice of model is often related not only to relevance but also cost, ethics, housing requirements, and the availability of appropriate technical expertise. While most researchers utilize one model or another, integration of data from multiple animal models can provide a more complete understanding of the safety of a candidate vaccine and/or predict how a potential vaccine may perform in humans. In this minireview, we provide background on Salmonella clinical syndromes and pathogenesis and then summarize the various animal models that have been used for Salmonella vaccine research. We include a brief discussion of the technical aspects, advantages, and limitations of each model, followed by a review of the literature surrounding its use in vaccine evaluation. While there has been considerable development for veterinary Salmonella vaccines, here we will focus solely on vaccines and models for human salmonellosis.

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Section: Insect Nematode and Fish Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%