Effects of Microglia on Neurogenesis

Abstract

This review summarizes and organizes the literature concerning the effects of microglia on neurogenesis, particularly focusing on the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampus and subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles, in which the neurogenic potential is progressively restricted during the life of the organism. A comparison of microglial roles in neurogenesis in these two regions indicates that microglia regulate neurogenesis in a temporally and spatially specific manner. Microglia may also sense signals from the surrounding environment and have regulatory effects on neurogenesis. We speculate microglia function as a hub for the information obtained from the inner and outer brain regions for regulating neurogenesis. GLIA 2015;63:1394–1405

A case of mistaken identity: CD11c‐eYFP+ cells in the normal mouse brain parenchyma and neural retina display the phenotype of microglia, not dendritic cells

“…Consistent with Bulloch et al (2008), CD11c-eYFP 1 cells were also distributed in regions of neurogenesis, such as the subventricular zones of the lateral ventricles, and throughout the rostral migratory stream. Microglia within the subgranular zone of the hippocampus and subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles regulate neurogenesis via the secretion of neurotrophic factors, fractalkine/CX3CR1 signalling and phagocytosis of apoptotic cells (Sato, 2015 (Chinnery et al, 2010;McMenamin, 1999;Quintana et al, 2015). Meningeal/choroid plexus DCs significantly expand in numbers following Flt3 treatment and have a similar transcriptional profile to CD8 1 spleen DCs.…”

Exosomes in stroke pathogenesis and therapy

“…In addition, cerebral endothelial exosomes could also actively engage in brain remodeling by communicating with brain cells, including neurons and glia, and with remote cells in other organs during stroke recovery. are also involved in the modulation of synaptic pruning, neurogenesis, and oligodendrogenesis (103)(104)(105). For example, SVZresident microglia mediate neuroblast migration, whereas in the hippocampus, IL-4-and IFN-γ-activated microglia promote oligodendrogenesis and neurogenesis, respectively (104,105).…”

Effects of the iron oxide nanoparticle Molday ION Rhodamine B on the viability and regenerative function of neural stem cells: relevance to clinical translation

“…34 Lastly, given that microglia are capable of producing factors that can modulate NSC regeneration, such a mechanism could have further supported the altered proliferation and differentiation observed within the MIRB-labeled grafts. 31,35 Most strikingly, CD68 microglia expressing rhodamine and containing multiple nuclei were noticed adjacent to MIRB grafts, especially in the 50 μg case, suggesting that these activated immune cells had probably engulfed MIRB/ MIRB-labeled NSCs. This presents a serious problem, since such MIRB-labeled microglial cells could contribute to the MRI signal dropout and produce a false-positive result.…”