Effects of methyl paraben on skin keratinocytes

Ishiwatari, Shioji; Suzuki, Takamoto; Hitomi, Takehiko; Yoshino, T.; Matsukuma, Shoko; Tsuji, Tomoko

doi:10.1002/jat.1176

Cited by 92 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…It is reported that PHBA can also cause physiological estrogenic responses (Boberg et al 2010;Dobbins et al 2009;Gonzalez-Doncel et al 2014). Although it is less toxic than parabens (Ishiwatari et al 2007), the relative high level of PHBA in swimming pools cannot be neglected.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and human exposure of parabens and their chlorinated derivatives in swimming pools

Shi

Gao

et al. 2015

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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As an emerging group of endocrine-disrupting chemicals, parabens have attracted growing attention due to their potential effects on human health. In the present study, the occurrence and distribution of eight parabens, four chlorinated parabens, and their common hydrolysis product, phydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA), were investigated in 39 swimming pools in Beijing, China. Methyl paraben and propyl paraben were the predominant compounds in swimming pools, accounting for 91.2 % of the total parabens. It is noteworthy that octyl paraben, a paraben with longer chain, was firstly detected in this study. There were several factors affecting the levels of parabens among the 39 swimming pools. The concentrations of parabens and chlorinated derivatives detected in indoor pools (144 ng L −1 ) were roughly 20-fold higher than those in outdoor pools (6.78 ng L −1 ). Hotel pools appear to present higher level of target compounds (361 ng L −1 ) than that in health club (228 ng L −1 ), municipal (130 ng L −1 ), school (75.6 ng L −1 ), and community pools (63.0 ng L −1 ). Moreover, the level of these compounds in pools during weekends (174 ng L −1 ) was much higher than that during weekdays (52.3 ng L −1 ). The dynamics of target compounds were also investigated to provide a general trend of the level of parabens in a school indoor swimming pool during a 14-week period. Human exposure assessment was conducted to estimate the potential risk of exposure to parabens and their chlorinated derivatives in swimming pools. Considering the total exposure dose of multiple parabens, human exposure to parabens from the water of swimming pools is negligible. However, the threat of these parabens to children in swimming pool should be concerned.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and human exposure of parabens and their chlorinated derivatives in swimming pools

Shi

Gao

et al. 2015

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…Whether such an in½uence is positive or negative at different life stages and at different concentrations needs urgent investigation. Recent research has reported that methylparaben can indeed in½uence the aging and differentiation of keratinocytes (Ishiwatari et al, 2007), since long-term application of methylparaben to keratinocytes could in½uence proliferation rate, cell morphology and expression of hyaluronan synthases and type IV collagen. Further work has shown that methylparaben and ethylparaben can induce oxidative stress in skin after reaction with singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) in visible light to produce glutathione conjugates of hydroquinone (Nishizawa et al, 2006).…”

Section: Parabens and Skin Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In vitro models suggest the potential for accumulation in underlying regions of skin (Ishiwatari et al, 2007), and recent unpublished data were broadcast on UK television (screened 11 October 2007. http://www.unrealitytv.co.uk/reality-tv/beauty-addicts-howtoxic-are-you-channel-4) indicating that body burdens of parabens could be reduced by eradicating use of cosmetics containing parabens. The ability to reduce body burden through alteration to cosmetic exposure needs to be substantiated by a controlled scienti¼c study in a statistically viable group of subjects.…”

Section: Conclusion and Further Research Neededmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, recent work has also revealed that hydrolysis of parabens by esterases is slower in human skin than in rat skin (Prusakiewicz et al, 2006;Harville et al, 2007), suggesting that predictions based on rat skin metabolism data may signi¼cantly underestimate the level of paraben esters that can be absorbed from topical application into underlying tissues of human skin. Another study (Ishiwatari et al, 2007) has demonstrated that methylparaben is not hydrolysed completely by esterases of human skin. At 12 h after application of a test formulation of 0.15% methylparaben to human volunteers, the concentration in the stratum corneum was 10 pmol cm −2 (detection limit given as 0.02 pmol cm −2 ) or 0.028% of the application, and repeated application (twice a day for one month) caused accumulation of methylparaben in the stratum corneum to 20 pmol cm −2 after 1 week and 120 pmol cm −2 after 4 weeks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Paraben esters: review of recent studies of endocrine toxicity, absorption, esterase and human exposure, and discussion of potential human health risks

Darbre

Harvey

2008

J of Applied Toxicology

596

375

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This toxicology update reviews research over the past four years since publication in 2004 of the ¼rst measurement of intact esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (parabens) in human breast cancer tissues, and the suggestion that their presence in the human body might originate from topical application of bodycare cosmetics. The presence of intact paraben esters in human body tissues has now been con¼rmed by independent measurements in human urine, and the ability of parabens to penetrate human skin intact without breakdown by esterases and to be absorbed systemically has been demonstrated through studies not only in vitro but also in vivo using healthy human subjects. Using a wide variety of assay systems in vitro and in vivo, the oestrogen agonist properties of parabens together with their common metabolite ( p-hydroxybenzoic acid) have been extensively documented, and, in addition, the parabens have now also been shown to possess androgen antagonist activity, to act as inhibitors of sulfotransferase enzymes and to possess genotoxic activity. With the continued use of parabens in the majority of bodycare cosmetics, there is a need to carry out detailed evaluation of the potential for parabens, together with other oestrogenic and genotoxic co-formulants of bodycare cosmetics, to increase female breast cancer incidence, to interfere with male reproductive functions and to in½uence development of malignant melanoma which has also recently been shown to be in½uenced by oestrogenic stimulation.

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“…The osterogenic effects of parabens have been confirmed in 1998 (Routledge et al, 1998). Also topical daily administration of parabens decreased the keratinocytes proliferation and cell morphology (Ishiwatari et al, 2007). On the basis of research, the oesterogenic stimulation is associated with female breast cancer incidence and development of malignant melanoma in male reproductive system (Darbre & Harvey, 2008;Tavares et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%