“…This criterion was imposed to examine relative effectiveness or ineffectiveness of visual image on persuasion compared to non-image message. Studies that compared different type of visual images (e.g., McQuarrie & Mick, 1999;van Rompay, de Vries, & van Venrooij, 2010), intensity of image descriptions (e.g., Kang & Lin, 2015;Verlhiac, Chappé, & Meyer, 2011), or a visual treatment group with a control group of no message recipients (e.g., Marshall, Craun, & Theriot, 2009) were excluded from the main analysis. Third, the dependent variable must be persuasion, assessed by attitude change, behavioral intention, perceived effectiveness, behavioral change, or a combination of thereof.…”