Effects of Mental Activity on Vestibular Nystagmus and the Electroencephalogram

Collins, William E.; Crampton, George H.; Posner, Jerome B.

doi:10.1038/190194b0

Cited by 63 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…The importance of the behavioural state, or to use Hebb's [1955] concept the level of arousal, in the regulation of nystagmic eye movements has been noted by several workers. Irrespective of whether the nystagmus was spontaneous [Naito et al, 1963;Aschan, 1964] or elicited by caloric [Collins, Guedry and Posner, 1962] or rotational stimulation [Collins, Crampton and Posner, 1961;], an increase in the level of arousal by mental work or a stimulant drug such as d-amphetamine, was found to be associated with an increase in the amplitude and duration of nystagmus. Similarly, the observation [Naito et al, 1963;Dowd, 1965] that nystagmus was of better quality when subjects kept their eyes open in complete darkness, than when their eyes were closed, is further demonstration of the role of arousal in the control of eye movements.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SOME EFFECTS OF l‐HYOSCINE HYDROBROMIDE ON POST‐ROTATORY SENSATION AND NYSTAGMUS IN MAN

Benson

Brand

1968

Exp Physiol

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In a balanced double-blind trial six subjects were given, on three successive days, an injection of 0-3 mg. or 0-6 mg. of l-hyoscine hydrobromide or normal saline, 30 min. before rotational tests of vestibular function were performed. Hyoscine caused a significant (P =0-01) depression of the 'slope' of the sensation cupulogram without alteration of the extrapolated 'threshold'. This effect was not significantly greater with the higher dose of the drug. In subjects who had received hyoscine there was an appreciable suppression of the post-rotational nystagmic response, and slow pendular oscillations of the eyes were frequently recorded. These effects were antagonized by mental arithmetic.It was concluded that hyoscine increased adaptation in the vestibular sensory system and released the oculomotor system from the ascending influence of vestibular and reticular projections.THE role of vestibular stimulation in the genesis of motion sickness has been clearly demonstrated both in man and in the experimental animal [Sjoberg, 1931;Johnson, Meek and Graybiel, 1962;Kennedy et al., 1965] though there have been conflicting opinions about which group of specialized receptors of the vestibular apparatus were responsible. It is clear from the experiments of Money and Friedberg [1964] that the functional integrity of the semicircular canals is necessary for the induction of motion sickness in the dog, but in man the evidence is less direct. De Wit [1953] suggested that individual differences in susceptibility to motion sickness were related to the sensitivity of semicircular canal receptors, for he found that a group of subjects who were habitually seasick had longer after-sensations and lower sensory thresholds to angular stimuli than a group who did not suffer from this disability. He also observed that dimenhydrinate 100 mg. (Suprimal, Dramamine) or atropine 0-5 mg., given 11-2 hr. before the cupulometric test of van Egmond, Groen and Jongkees [1948], shortened the duration of the reported after-sensations and produced a cupulogram with a lower slope (Hl/z value) than that obtained in the initial test. Unfortunately, in these experiments as the drug was always administered before the second test, the action of the drug was confounded with the habituation or depression of the cupulogram which normally occurs with iteration of the test procedure [de Wit, 19531. Although dimenhydrinate and perhaps atropine are known to offer protection against motion sickness it would appear that l-hyoscine is a more 296

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SOME EFFECTS OF l‐HYOSCINE HYDROBROMIDE ON POST‐ROTATORY SENSATION AND NYSTAGMUS IN MAN

Benson

Brand

1968

Exp Physiol

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“…The need for control of mental arousal (Collins, Crampton & Posner, 1961;Collins, 1962) with eyes open behind blackout goggles) to impose purely vestibular stimuli before, during and after the conditioning trials. VOR gain was measured during the test runs T1, T2 and T3 in the manner described in connexion with Fig.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short‐term adaptive changes in the human vestibulo‐ocular reflex arc

Gonshor

Jones

1976

The Journal of Physiology

235

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SUMMARY1. Two sets of experiments have examined the vestibulo-ocular response (VOR) to repeated sinusoidal rotation (A) in the dark and (B) after attempting visual tracking of a mirror-reversed image of the visual surround.2. In both A and B a horizontal sinusoidal rotational stimulus of 1/6 Hz and 60'/sec angular velocity amplitude was employed, specifically chosen to lie within the presumed range of natural stimulation of the semicircular canals.3. In A each of seven subjects underwent ten 2-min runs of the standard stimulus in the dark on each of three consecutive days, with 3-min rest periods between runs. Using d.c. electro-oculography (EOG) the VOR gain was measured throughout as eye velocity/head velocity. Mental arousal was maintaind by competitive mental arithmetic. Constancy of EOG gain was assured by 50 min dark adaptation before experimentation.4. The results of A showed no consistent change of VOR gain over the three times scales of a run, a day and the 3-day experiment.5. In B the same subjects underwent a similar pattern of vestibular stimulation, but during eight of the 2-min daily runs they attempted the reversed visual tracking task. VOR gain was measured during the 1st, 6th and last runs which were conducted in the dark for this purpose.Constancy of EOG gain was maintained by using red light throughout.6. The results of B showed a substantial (approx. 25 %) and highly significant (P < 0-001) reduction of VOR gain attributable solely to the 16 min of reversed visual tracking attempted during the 50 min daily experiment. In addition the pre-test control gain was lower on day 3 than on day 1 (approx. 10% attenuation, P < 0t01) indicating a small cumulative effect from beginning to end of the 3-day experiment.7. It is concluded (A) that the repeated vestibular stimulus did not A. GONSHOR AND G. MELVILL JONES itself cause significant attenuation of VOR gain, but (B) that superposition of a reversed visual tracking task did induce retained VOR attenuation which was solely due to the antagonistic visual stimulus.8. In conjunction with other experimental evidence it is inferred that this attenuation probably represents an adaptive change in the VOR induced at least in part by retinal image slip.

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“…(Yules, 1967;Yules et al, 1966). The connection of the vestibular system with sleep and electroencephalograms, while n,'t widely known, is also not a new concept (cf.. Lindsley & Wendt, 1944;Collins, Crampton & Posner. 1961;Collins & Posner, 1963).…”

Section: Drowsiness/sleep Loss/soporific Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Motion Sickness with Special Reference to Simulator Sickness

Kennedy¹,

Frank²

1985

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Effects of Mental Activity on Vestibular Nystagmus and the Electroencephalogram

Cited by 63 publications

References 4 publications

SOME EFFECTS OF l‐HYOSCINE HYDROBROMIDE ON POST‐ROTATORY SENSATION AND NYSTAGMUS IN MAN

SOME EFFECTS OF l‐HYOSCINE HYDROBROMIDE ON POST‐ROTATORY SENSATION AND NYSTAGMUS IN MAN

Short‐term adaptive changes in the human vestibulo‐ocular reflex arc

A Review of Motion Sickness with Special Reference to Simulator Sickness

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