Effects of Memory Load and Distraction on Performance and Event-Related Slow Potentials in a Visuospatial Working Memory Task

Geffen, Gina; Wright, Margaret J.; Green, Heather; Gillespie, Nicole; Smyth, David; Evans, David M.; Geffen, L. B.

doi:10.1162/jocn.1997.9.6.743

Cited by 34 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(44 reference statements)

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“…Thus genetic factors influencing fundamental neural processes as expressed in slow wave amplitude appear to have little or no influence on more complex measures of working memory and cognitive function. In other words, while the activation of neural resources may vary with memory load (Barcelo et al, 1997;Geffen et al, 1997;Rama et al, 1995;Ruchkin et al, 1995;Ruchkin et al, 1990;Ruchkin et al, 1992), the level of activation itself was not, in this instance, directly related to performance outcome.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…The ERP slow wave component has been recorded in the delay period of a range of delay tasks and is thought to reflect working memory processes (Geffen et al, 1997;Rama et al, 1995;Ruchkin et al, 1995;Ruchkin et al, 1997). Studies show that it varies as a function of memory load (Geffen et al, 1997;Rama et al, 1995;Ruchkin et al, 1990).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies show that it varies as a function of memory load (Geffen et al, 1997;Rama et al, 1995;Ruchkin et al, 1990). P300 amplitude and latency are thought to be sensitive to individual differences in memory and attentional processes (Polich and Kok, 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetic Covariation between Event-Related Potential (ERP) and Behavioral Non-ERP Measures of Working-Memory, Processing Speed, and IQ

et al. 2005

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The aim of this study was to identify genetic covariants for fundamental measures of brain function (event-related potentials (ERPs): P300 latency and slow wave amplitude recorded in a working-memory task) and more complex cognitive measures (behavioral non-ERP measures: working-memory performance, information processing speed, IQ). Data were collected from 252 monozygotic and 297 dizygotic twin pairs aged 16. Multivariate modeling identified two independent genetic factors associated with processing speed that also influenced working-memory performance (one reflected the duration of neural activity required to evaluate target information, the other reflected more general cognitive and speed-related abilities). However, the allocation of neural resources, as assessed by ERP slow wave amplitude measures, was not associated with the other cognitive measures investigated. Thus, of the ERP measures examined, P300 latency, but not slow wave amplitude, may be an informative measure to include (i.e., with working-memory performance) in future multivariate linkage and association analyses of cognitive function.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetic Covariation between Event-Related Potential (ERP) and Behavioral Non-ERP Measures of Working-Memory, Processing Speed, and IQ

et al. 2005

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“…Using an n-back spatial working memory task, in which P3 amplitude is decreased under high working memory load, P3 amplitude is significantly larger in those of high ability suggesting they are better able to focus attention under greater working memory demands (Gevins & Smith, 2000). Similarly, the slow wave during the delay interval in delay tasks provides information on memory rehearsal and retrieval (Geffen et al, 1997;Ruchkin et al, 1995), and task-related shifts in EEG coherence (Petsche, 1997) and theta synchronisation are suggested as a putative index of working memory function, specifically with regard to the encoding of new information (Klimesch, 1999).…”

Section: Twin Research February 2001mentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetics of Cognition: Outline of a Collaborative Twin Study

et al. 2001

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A multidisciplinary collaborative study examining cognition in a large sample of twins is outlined. A common experimental protocol and design is used in The Netherlands, Australia and Japan to measure cognitive ability using traditional IQ measures (i.e., psychometric IQ), processing speed (e.g., reaction time [RT] and inspection time [IT]), and working memory (e.g., spatial span, delayed response [DR] performance). The main aim is to investigate the genetic covariation among these cognitive phenotypes in order to use the correlated biological markers in future linkage and association analyses to detect quantitativetrait loci (QTLs). We outline the study and methodology, and report results from our preliminary analyses that examines the heritability of processing speed and working memory indices, and their phenotypic correlation with IQ. Heritability of Full Scale IQ was 87% in the Netherlands, 83% in Australia, and 71% in Japan. Heritability estimates for processing speed and working memory indices ranged from 33-64%. Associations of IQ with RT and IT (-0.28 to -0.36) replicated previous findings with those of higher cognitive ability showing faster speed of processing. Similarly, significant correlations were indicated between IQ and the spatial span working memory task (storage [0.31], executive processing [0.37]) and the DR working memory task (0.25), with those of higher cognitive ability showing better memory performance. These analyses establish the heritability of the processing speed and working memory measures to be used in our collaborative twin study of cognition, and support the findings that individual differences in processing speed and working memory may underlie individual differences in psychometric IQ.

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“…Early exogenous components (auditory, visual, somatosensory EPs, N100, P200) are used, among others, to study the projection pathways to primary sensory cortices, selective attention (Mangun et al, 1998), early object recognition (Sergent et al, 1992), and processing perceptual mismatch (Näätänen and Alho, 1995). Later endogenous components are used to tackle many higher order cognitive operations like working memory (Donchin and Coles, 1988;Polich and Kok, 1995), uttering semantically and syntactically correct language (Hagoort and Brown, 2000;Kutas and Iragui, 1998), memory rehearsal (Geffen et al, 1997;Ruchkin et al, 1995), error processing (Scheffers et al, 1996), inhibitory executive control (Kopp et al, 1996), or preparing for action (Van Boxtel and Brunia, 1994). Examples in this special issue are the P300, by far the most researched ERP, that arises in response to nonfrequent task relevant trials mixed with frequent task irrelevant trials; and the SW, a slow negative potential that can discriminate working memory engagement from simple sensory perception.…”

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confidence: 99%

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et al. 2001

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There is overwhelming evidence for the existence of substantial genetic influences on individual differences in general and specific cognitive abilities, especially in adults. The actual localization and identification of genes underlying variation in cognitive abilities and intelligence has only just started, however. Successes are currently limited to neurological mutations with rather severe cognitive effects. The current approaches to trace genes responsible for variation in the normal ranges of cognitive ability consist of large scale linkage and association studies. These are hampered by the usual problems of low statistical power to detect quantitative trait loci (QTLs) of small effect. One strategy to boost the power of genomic searches is to employ endophenotypes of cognition derived from the booming field of cognitive neuroscience. This special issue of Behavior Genetics reports on one of the first genome-wide association studies for general IQ. A second paper summarizes candidate genes for cognition, based on animal studies. A series of papers then introduces two additional levels of analysis in the "black box" between genes and cognitive ability: (1) behavioral measures of information-processing speed (inspection time, reaction time, rapid naming) and working memory capacity (performance on on single or dual tasks of verbal and spatio-visual working memory), and (2) electrophyiosological derived measures of brain function (e.g., event-related potentials). The obvious way to assess the reliability and validity of these endophenotypes and their usefulness in the search for cognitive ability genes is through the examination of their genetic architecture in twin family studies. Papers in this special issue show that much of the association between intelligence and speed-of-information processing/brain function is due to a common gene or set of genes, and thereby demonstrate the usefulness of considering these measures in gene-hunting studies for IQ.

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Effects of Memory Load and Distraction on Performance and Event-Related Slow Potentials in a Visuospatial Working Memory Task

Cited by 34 publications

References 35 publications

Genetic Covariation between Event-Related Potential (ERP) and Behavioral Non-ERP Measures of Working-Memory, Processing Speed, and IQ

Genetic Covariation between Event-Related Potential (ERP) and Behavioral Non-ERP Measures of Working-Memory, Processing Speed, and IQ

Genetics of Cognition: Outline of a Collaborative Twin Study

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