Effects of marine reserves on California spiny lobster are robust and modified by fine-scale habitat features and distance from reserve borders

Kay, Matthew C.; Lenihan, Hunter S.; Kotchen, Matthew J.; Miller, Christopher J.

doi:10.3354/meps09592

Cited by 26 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 44 publications

(75 reference statements)

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“…Although our analysis did not test for topdown effects, our results suggest that reducing sea urchin biomass will increase reef biodiversity directly and indirectly. At present, fishing has reduced the size and in some cases population abundance of key sea urchin predators [43,78]. Sea otters, voracious urchin predators, have only sporadically recolonized the region since the fur trade in the eighteenth rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org Proc.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera , increases faunal diversity through physical engineering

et al. 2018

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Foundation species define the ecosystems they live in, but ecologists have often characterized dominant plants as foundational without supporting evidence. Giant kelp has long been considered a marine foundation species due to its complex structure and high productivity; however, there is little quantitative evidence to evaluate this. Here, we apply structural equation modelling to a 15-year time series of reef community data to evaluate how giant kelp affects the reef community. Although species richness was positively associated with giant kelp biomass, most direct paths did not involve giant kelp. Instead, the foundational qualities of giant kelp were driven mostly by indirect effects attributed to its dominant physical structure and associated engineering influence on the ecosystem, rather than by its use as food by invertebrates and fishes. Giant kelp structure has indirect effects because it shades out understorey algae that compete with sessile invertebrates. When released from competition, sessile species in turn increase the diversity of mobile predators. Sea urchin grazing effects could have been misinterpreted as kelp effects, because sea urchins can overgraze giant kelp, understorey algae and sessile invertebrates alike. Our results confirm the high diversity and biomass associated with kelp forests, but highlight how species interactions and habitat attributes can be misconstrued as direct consequences of a foundation species like giant kelp.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera , increases faunal diversity through physical engineering

et al. 2018

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“…, Kay et al. , Miller and Deacon ). Spatial restrictions can concentrate effort, potentially leading to overharvesting and negative biodiversity impacts, at least in the short term.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of particular concern are the consequences of reallocation of fishing effort in response to the implementation of MPAs where fishing may be regulated. The spatial distribution of fishing effort obviously plays a crucial role in affecting fish resource exploitation (Murawski et al 2005, Cabral et al 2010, Parnell et al 2010, Kay et al 2012, Miller and Deacon 2014. Spatial restrictions can concentrate effort, potentially leading to overharvesting and negative biodiversity impacts, at least in the short term.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Drivers of redistribution of fishing and non‐fishing effort after the implementation of a marine protected area network

Cabral

Gaines

Johnson

et al. 2017

Ecological Applications

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Marine spatial planning (MSP) is increasingly utilized to sustainably manage ocean uses. Marine protected areas (MPAs), a form of spatial management in which parts of the ocean are regulated to fishing, are now a common tool in MSP for conserving marine biodiversity and managing fisheries. However, the use of MPAs in MSP often neglects, or simplifies, the redistribution of fishing and non-fishing activities inside and outside of MPAs following their implementation. This redistribution of effort can have important implications for effective MSP. Using long-term (14 yr) aerial surveys of boats at the California Channel Islands, we examined the spatial redistribution of fishing and non-fishing activities and their drivers following MPA establishment. Our data represent 6 yr of information before the implementation of an MPA network and 8 yr after implementation. Different types of boats responded in different ways to the closures, ranging from behaviors by commercial dive boats that support the hypothesis of fishing-the-line, to behaviors by urchin, sport fishing, and recreational boats that support the theory of ideal free distribution. Additionally, we found that boats engaged in recreational activities targeted areas that are sheltered from large waves and located near their home ports, while boats engaged in fishing activities also avoided high wave areas but were not constrained by the distance to their home ports. We did not observe the expected pattern of effort concentration near MPA borders for some boat types; this can be explained by the habitat preference of certain activities (for some activities, the desired habitat attributes are not inside the MPAs), species' biology (species such as urchins where the MPA benefit would likely come from larval export rather than adult spillover), or policy-infraction avoidance. The diversity of boat responses reveals variance from the usual simplified assumption that all extractive boats respond similarly to MPA establishment. Our work is the first empirical study to analyze the response of both commercial and recreational boats to closure. Our results will inform MSP in better accounting for effort redistribution by ocean users in response to the implementation of MPAs and other closures.

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“…Under some circumstances, implementation of no-take marine reserves has resulted in increases of biomass and density within stocks subject to high exploitation outside of the reserves (NRC 2001, Halpern 2003, Pande et al 2008, Babcock et al 2010. Empirical evidence suggests that reserves of sufficient size that contain suitable environments to support intact food webs can function as refuges where high densities of large, mature individuals effectively maintain a spawning population (Birkeland and Dayton 2005, Kay et al 2012.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A safety network against regional population collapse: mature subpopulations in refuges distributed across the landscape

Jack

Wing

2013

Ecosphere

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Citation: Jack, L., and S. R. Wing. 2013. A safety network against regional population collapse: mature subpopulations in refuges distributed across the landscape. Ecosphere 4(5):57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/ES12-00221.1Abstract. Theory suggests that marine reserve networks can maintain wide geographical distributions of exploited fish and invertebrates. Since 2005, ten regions in southwest New Zealand have been designated no-take marine reserves nested within eleven commercial fishing exclusion zones. We observed increases in abundance of rock lobster (Jasus edwardsii ) and blue cod (Parapercis colias) from 2002-2010 within some marine reserves, but not in the other management zones. Mature size distributions of rock lobsters were only observed within protected areas. Model based inference ranked environmental descriptors versus area under protection in explaining abundance and changes in abundance observed within marine reserves and indicated that J. edwardsii became most abundant in larger marine reserves, but only under specific environmental conditions. P. colias became most abundant in large marine reserves, particularly those with larger buffers against commercial fishing. Analysis of population changes for both species across Fiordland since implementation of the reserve network (2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010) indicated that marine reserves resulted in either increases in, or maintenance of abundance in the face of regional declines. We highlight the potential effectiveness of networks of marine reserves in maintaining subpopulations with high abundance and mature size structure across large geographical areas, particularly if key criteria are incorporated.

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Effects of marine reserves on California spiny lobster are robust and modified by fine-scale habitat features and distance from reserve borders

Cited by 26 publications

References 44 publications

Giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera , increases faunal diversity through physical engineering

Giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera , increases faunal diversity through physical engineering

Drivers of redistribution of fishing and non‐fishing effort after the implementation of a marine protected area network

A safety network against regional population collapse: mature subpopulations in refuges distributed across the landscape

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