Effects of mannan oligosaccharide on the physiological responses, HSP70 gene expression and disease resistance of Allogynogenetic crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) under Aeromonas hydrophila infection

Optimal dietary protein level improved growth, disease resistance, intestinal immune and physical barrier function of young grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

“…After the growth trial, 15 fish of similar body weight were obtained from each treatment group and moved to six new experimental cages as described by Liu et al [42] and Ng et al [43], and fish were acclimatized to the experimental condition for 5 days according to our laboratory study [44]. Aeromonas hydrophila was friendly provided by College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, China.…”

“…To evaluate the nutritional enhancement of fish disease-resistance, it is common method to conduct a challenge trail by infecting fish with a widespread pathogenic bacterium after the feeding experiment [42,60]. A. hydrophila is one of the most common pathogenic bacteria in freshwater fish, which can cause fish bacterial enteritis [45,61].…”

Dietary low or excess levels of lipids reduced growth performance, and impaired immune function and structure of head kidney, spleen and skin in young grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) under the infection of Aeromonas hydrophila

“…After the growth trial, 90 fish were obtained from six groups (15 fish/group with similar body weight) as described by Liu et al [56]. The A. hydrophila was friendly provided by College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, China.…”

Compared to fish oil alone, a corn and fish oil mixture decreases the lipid requirement of a freshwater fish species, Carassius auratus gibelio

“…The qPCR protocol was initiated at 95°C for 2 min, followed by 40 cycles of a three-step amplification programme (15 s at 95°C; 15 s at 60°C; 20 s at 72°C). β-Actin was chosen as an internal reference for normalisation, as described in Liu et al (2013). Expression levels were calculated according to the threshold cycle (ΔΔCt) method (Pfaffl, 2001).…”