Effects of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) Peel Extract Loaded in Nanoemulsion on Growth Performance, Immune Response, and Disease Resistance of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) against Aeromonas veronii Infection

Abstract

Nanotechnology can enhance nutrient delivery and bioavailability; hence, it has recently been considered the most practical alternative technology for nutritional supplements and disease control in fish farming. The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of mangosteen peel extract loaded in nanoemulsion (MSNE) on the inhibition of A. veronii (in vitro) and in vivo growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, the immune response, and the disease resistance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) against A. veronii challenge. The particle size, polydispersity index, and particle surface charge of MSNE were 151.9 ± 1.4 nm, >0.3, and −30 mV, respectively. Furthermore, MSNE, mangosteen peel extract (MPE), and nanoemulsion (NE) improved the antimicrobial activity against A. veronii. Fish fed MSNE, MPE, and NE-supplemented diets had a significantly lower (p < 0.05) feed conversion ratio (FCR) and higher specific growth rate (SGR) than fish fed the control diet. Furthermore, the MSNE had significantly higher serum glucose and protein levels than the control group in Nile tilapia. Total immunoglobulin, serum lysozyme, alternative complement activity, and survival of Nile tilapia fed with MSNE were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the control diet. Therefore, MSNE has the potential to be employed as a supplement in sustainable Nile tilapia farming.

Length-weight relationship and condition factor of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed diets supplemented with guava and star gooseberry leaf extract

“…Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is recognized as an important species in aquaculture within tropical and subtropical regions, owing to its faster growth, heightened productivity, and notable resistance to diseases. [1][2][3][4] In 2020, the global production of Nile tilapia nearly reached 4.9 million metric tons (Mmt), and the continuous growth is attributed to the robust worldwide demand. 5 Furthermore, technological advancements with high stocking densities play a significant role in the occurrence of disease outbreaks, resulting in substantial economic losses and impeding the sustainable progression of tilapia culture globally.…”