Effects of malic acid and citric acid on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, haematology and immune response of Carassius auratus gibelio

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of citric acid (CA) and malic acid (MA) on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, haematology and immune response of Carassius auratus gibelio. Carassius auratus gibelio were randomly divided into six groups, with three replicates in each group and 20 fish in each replicate.The six groups were fed a basic diet with organic acid supplementation (control group, 0.2%MA, 0.2%MA + 0.1%CA, 0.2%MA + 0.2%CA, 0.2%MA + 0.4%CA and 0.2%MA + 0.6%CA) for 8 weeks respectively. The results showed that compared with the control group, the weight gain rate and specific growth rate significantly increased in organic acid-fed groups (p < .05). The highest value was in the 0.2%MA + 0.2%CA group. However, there were no significant differences in survival rate, red blood cells or white blood cells between groups. The contents of ALT, AST and LDH in Carassius auratus gibelio fed with organic acids increased, especially in 0.2%MA + 0.4%CA and 0.2%MA + 0.6%CA groups. However, there was no significant difference between the 0.2%MA + 0.2%CA group and the control group. In addition, the highest values of GSH and T-AOC were found in the 0.2%MA + 0.6%CA group. Compared with the control group, there were no significant differences in the expression of HSP70 or LZM (p > .05), but the expression of Il-1β, IL-10 and TNF-α was up-regulated in the 0.2%MA + 0.4%CA and 0.2%MA + 0.6%CA groups. The results showed that the growth performance, antioxidant capacity, haematological parameters and expression of immune-related genes were significantly improved by adding organic acids to the feed of Carassius auratus gibelio. However, excessive addition of organic acids may cause liver injury, and the optimal addition amount in this experiment was 0.2%MA + 0.2%CA. K E Y W O R D S antioxidant capacity, citric acid, growth performance, haematological parameters, immune response, malic acid| 2767 ZHANG et Al. Ash 7.12% 7.12% 7.12% 7.12% 7.12% 7.12%

Metabolite Profiling Analysis and the Correlation with Biological Activity of Betalain-Rich Portulaca grandiflora Hook. Extracts

“…An exception to this is seen in malic acid, which showed a very strong (R = 0.7–1.0) and significant correlation against antioxidant potential determined by the ABTS and DPPH methods (R = 0.878 and 0.824, respectively) and a strong correlation (R = 0.5–0.7) against activity determined by the FRAP method, only (R = 0.652). The antioxidant activity of malic acid was confirmed previously [ 55 ]. Malic acid is considered as safe when it is at low concentrations.…”

Cell-Free Supernatant of Odoribacter splanchnicus Isolated From Human Feces Exhibits Anti-colorectal Cancer Activity

“…In addition, the GC/MS analysis suggested that the putative anti-proliferative molecule in the aqueous phase of OsCFS might be malic acid. Malic acid is an organic compound that has been reported to have many bioactive functions, such as antioxidant activity, capturing free radicals, and antimicrobial activity against some pathogenic bacteria ( Eswaranandam et al, 2006 ; Zhang et al, 2020 ). In addition, malic acid can be chemically polymerized to polymalic acid, which has a wide range of applications in cancer therapy because of its biochemical properties, including its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and chemical modifiability ( Zeng et al, 2019 ).…”

Potassium diformate in the diet of sterlet sturgeon ( Acipenser ruthenus ): Zootechnical performance, humoral and skin mucosal immune responses, growth‐related gene expression and intestine morphology

“…It has been documented that acidifiers can accelerate growth indices and FI via influencing the parasympathetic nervous system on the appetite-related gene (GHR; Hoseinifar, Sun, et al, 2017;Zhang et al, 2020). GHR is a multifunctional hormone that is involved in inducing growth hormone and insulin release, blood glucose control, gastric acid secretion and appetite (Kojima & Kangawa, 2005).…”

“…In this vein, organic acids or acidifiers (salts of organic acids) are one of the functional additives with innumerable beneficial effects in aquaculture nutrition. Earlier reports have confirmed that diets supplemented with acidifiers can support fish health by enhancing immune responses in the serum and mucus of the fish (Mohammadian et al, 2020;Sotoudeh et al, 2020;Zhang et al, 2020). Other findings have shown that adding acidifiers to the fish diet can act as a growth enhancer by increasing the rate of protein digestibility, nutrient absorption and mineral retention and upregulating the expression of growth-related genes (Kalantarian et al, 2020;Mohammadian et al, 2020;Ng & Koh, 2017;Zhou et al, 2009).…”