Effects of Lysine-Supplemented Diets on Growth and Skeletal Density of Preadolescent Children

Mack, Pauline Beery; Vose, George P.; Kinard, Conrad L.; Campbell, Helen Buck

doi:10.1093/ajcn/11.4.255

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…For example, dietary lysine appears to increase intestinal calcium absorption in animals and humans; in rats, lysine enhances calcium deposition in the femur (17,18). Mack et al (19) showed that lysine supplements in preadolescent children improved growth and bone density of the radius and os calcis relative to unsupplemented control subjects. However, the increment in lysine intake between the 0.8-and 0.9-g/kg intakes of protein (390 mg lysine) was approximately half the amount used by Civetelli et al (18) (800 mg) to induce changes in calcium absorption in postmenopausal women, so it is unlikely that lysine is the sole explanation for our findings.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A threshold for low-protein-diet–induced elevations in parathyroid hormone

Kerstetter

Svastisalee

Caseria

et al. 2000

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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Background:We reported previously that lowering dietary protein intake in young healthy women to 0.7 g/kg depressed intestinal calcium absorption and was accompanied by elevations in parathyroid hormone (PTH). Moderate amounts of dietary protein (1.0 g/kg) did not appear to perturb calcium homeostasis. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of graded intakes of dietary protein (0.7, 0.8, 0.9, and 1.0 g/kg) on calcium homeostasis. Design: The experiment consisted of 2 wk of a well-balanced diet containing moderate amounts of calcium, sodium, and protein followed by 4 d of an experimental diet containing 1 of 4 amounts of protein. Eight young healthy women received the 4 amounts of protein in random order. The average age of the subjects was 23.1 ± 2.3 y, their weight was 64 ± 3 kg, and their body mass index (in kg/m 2 ) was 24.3 ± 0.9. Results: Elevations in PTH developed by day 4 of the diets containing 0.7 and 0.8 g protein/kg but not during the diets containing 0.9 or 1.0 g protein/kg. By day 4 of the 0.7-and 0.8-g/kg diets, midmolecule PTH, calcitriol, and nephrogenous cyclic adenosine monophosphate were 1.5-3.5-fold higher than on day 0. Calcitropic hormones on day 4 of the diets containing 0.8 and 0.9 g protein/kg were within the normal range and 23-57% lower than values observed with the 0.7-and 0.8-g/kg diets (P < 0.005). Mean 24-h urinary calcium was 3.29 ± 0.35 mmol with the diet containing 0.7 g protein/kg and 3.54 ± 0.46 mmol with the diet containing 1.0 g protein/kg. Conclusions: Our data suggest that in young healthy women consuming a well-balanced diet, the current recommended dietary allowance for protein (0.8 g/kg) results in short-term perturbations in calcium homeostasis.Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72:168-73. KEY WORDSDietary protein, calcium metabolism, calcitropic hormones, vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, young healthy women, recommended dietary allowance INTRODUCTIONThe effect of dietary protein on calcium metabolism in humans was first documented nearly 80 y ago (1). There has been considerable investigative interest in the potential negative effects of a high-protein diet on mineral and skeletal homeostasis. For example, increasing dietary protein induces urinary calcium loss, negatively affects calcium balance (2), increases bone turnover (3), and may be associated with an increased risk of fracture (4). However, the effect of low-protein diets on calcium and bone homeostasis has received considerably less attention.We reported that in 16 young healthy women, 4 d of a lowprotein diet decreased urinary calcium excretion and was accompanied by elevations in calcitropic hormones; 1.5-3-fold increases were observed in concentrations of serum parathyroid hormone (PTH), 1,25(OH) 2 vitamin D (calcitriol), and urinary nephrogenous cyclic adenosine monophosphate (NcAMP; a bioindex of PTH action). The low-protein diet contained an average of 45 g protein (0.7 g/kg), including both animal and vegetable sources of protein; 20 mmol calcium; and 100 mmol sodium and was otherwi...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A threshold for low-protein-diet–induced elevations in parathyroid hormone

Kerstetter

Svastisalee

Caseria

et al. 2000

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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“…The older literature does include some lysine supplementation studies, in one case examining child growth and bone density ( 178 ) . Lysine supplementation of the diets of sub-adolescent orphanage children for 5 months increased growth and bone density compared with supplemented controls.…”

Section: Human Studies Of Nutrition and Linear Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrition, infection and stunting: the roles of deficiencies of individual nutrients and foods, and of inflammation, as determinants of reduced linear growth of children

2017

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The regulation of linear growth by nutritional and inflammatory influences is examined in terms of growth-plate endochondral ossification, in order to better understand stunted growth in children. Linear growth is controlled by complex genetic, physiological, and nutrient-sensitive endocrine/paracrine/autocrine mediated molecular signalling mechanisms, possibly including sleep adequacy through its influence on growth hormone secretion. Inflammation, which accompanies most infections and environmental enteric dysfunction, inhibits endochondral ossification through the action of mediators including proinflammatory cytokines, the activin A-follistatin system, glucocorticoids and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). In animal models linear growth is particularly sensitive to dietary protein as well as Zn intake, which act through insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and its binding proteins, triiodothyronine, amino acids and Zn2+ to stimulate growth-plate protein and proteoglycan synthesis and cell cycle progression, actions which are blocked by corticosteroids and inflammatory cytokines. Observational human studies indicate stunting to be associated with nutritionally poor, mainly plant-based diets. Intervention studies provide some support for deficiencies of energy, protein, Zn and iodine and for multiple micronutrient deficiencies, at least during pregnancy. Of the animal-source foods, only milk has been specifically and repeatedly shown to exert an important influence on linear growth in both undernourished and well-nourished children. However, inflammation, caused by infections, environmental enteric dysfunction, which may be widespread in the absence of clean water, adequate sanitation and hygiene (WASH), and endogenous inflammation associated with excess adiposity, in each case contributes to stunting, and may explain why nutritional interventions are often unsuccessful. Current interventions to reduce stunting are targeting WASH as well as nutrition.

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“…Mack et al [73] carried out a 5.5 month study in an American orphanage involving 84 preadolescent children, aged 6 to 12 years, 42 of whom received LMH added to their diet, while the other 42 did not. Supplementation was at the rate of approximately 70 mg LMHlkg BW, averaging 2.5 g LMHI day.…”

Section: Pharmacology Recurrent Herpes Simplexmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For individuals eating American diets of usual components, supplemental intakes of Llysine up to 3 glday (3.75 g LMH), taken with food and divided among meals, appear to be safe for chronic use as demonstrated in adults [68] and prepubertal children [73]. Judging from animal feeding studies and high-dose trials in humans, double this amount is probably also safe for long-term use, but so far there is no confmned evidence of value in such dosage, although there are indications of possible benefit in cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disease that should be explored.…”

Section: Human Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The metabolic roles, pharmacology, and toxicology of lysine.

Flodin

1997

Journal of the American College of Nutrition

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L-lysine monohydrochloride (LMH) is widely available to the public as a nonprescription oral supplement. Most of the pharmaceutical-grade product is used as a suppressant of recurrent herpes simplex infections. Recent publications indicate the possibility of other therapeutic uses, e.g., in cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis. These and other potential applications are surveyed and evaluated in this review with suggestions for further study. Data on toxicity are reviewed and recommendations made regarding safety of chronic dosage levels.

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Effects of Lysine-Supplemented Diets on Growth and Skeletal Density of Preadolescent Children

Cited by 9 publications

References 16 publications

A threshold for low-protein-diet–induced elevations in parathyroid hormone

A threshold for low-protein-diet–induced elevations in parathyroid hormone

Nutrition, infection and stunting: the roles of deficiencies of individual nutrients and foods, and of inflammation, as determinants of reduced linear growth of children

The metabolic roles, pharmacology, and toxicology of lysine.

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