Effects of &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt;-synephrine in combination with caffeine: a review

Stohs, Sidney J.; Ratamess, Nicholas A.

doi:10.2147/nds.s144761

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Bitter orange extract and its primary protoalkaloid p ‐synephrine have come under recent scrutiny by the Food and Drug Administration, with references made to its potential “stimulant” and cardiovascular effects. p‐ Synephrine is frequently combined with caffeine, a well‐known stimulant (Stohs & Ratamess, ). Common indicators of central nervous system (CNS) stimulatory activity are increases in heart rate (HR), and diastolic (DBP) and systolic blood pressure (SBP).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute cardiovascular effects of bitter orange extract (p‐synephrine) consumed alone and in combination with caffeine in human subjects: A placebo‐controlled, double‐blind study

Ratamess

Bush

Stohs

et al. 2017

Phytotherapy Research

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The purpose was to examine cardiovascular responses to supplementation with p-synephrine alone and in combination with caffeine during quiet sitting. Sixteen subjects were given (in double-blind manner) either 103 mg of p-synephrine (S), 233 mg of caffeine +104 mg of p-synephrine (LC + S), 240 mg of caffeine (LC), 337 mg of caffeine +46 mg of p-synephrine (HC + S), 325 mg of caffeine (HC), or a placebo. The subjects sat quietly for 3 hr while heart rate (HR) and blood pressure were measured. Only HC + S and HC significantly increased mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) during the second hour and tended to increase mean SBP during the third hour. Mean diastolic blood pressure in S was significantly lower than the other trials during the first and second hours, and mean arterial pressure was significantly lower in S compared to the LC, LC + S, HC, and HC + S trials. No differences were observed in HR. Consumption of p-synephrine may acutely reduce diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure and not affect SBP or HR during quiet sitting. The addition of p-synephrine to caffeine did not augment SBP or HR indicating that consumption of up to 104 mg of p-synephrine does not induce cardiovascular stress during quiet sitting.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute cardiovascular effects of bitter orange extract (p‐synephrine) consumed alone and in combination with caffeine in human subjects: A placebo‐controlled, double‐blind study

Ratamess

Bush

Stohs

et al. 2017

Phytotherapy Research

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“…The bioactive alkaloid within WDT is synephrine [ 2 , 30 ], which is a phenylethylamine derivative [ 56 ], also found in bitter orange ( Citrus aurantium L. from the Rutaceae family) [ 57 ]. There are three isomeric forms of synephrine: m-synephrine, p-synephrine, and o-synephrine.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wen Dan Tang: A Potential Jing Fang Decoction for Headache Disorders?

Pradhan

Gantenbein

et al. 2022

Medicines

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Background: Chinese herbal medicine is considered relatively safe, inexpensive, and easily accessible. Wen Dan Tang (WDT), a Jing Fang ancient classical Chinese herbal formula with a broad indication profile has been used for several centuries in China to treat various illnesses. Question: Are there evidence-based clinical trials that show that WDT has a significant impact on the treatment of various diseases, especially in patients with migraine and tension-type headaches (TTH)? Methods: This study is based on an online database search using PubMed, Medline, Cochrane Library, AcuTrials, Embase, Semantic Scholar, Jstor, internet research, and review of ancient and modern Chinese medical textbooks regarding WDT and its compounds. Results: There were no studies on WDT in migraine and TTH; therefore, this work gathers and describes data for every single compound in the formula. Conclusion: This study suggests that the bioactive compounds found in WDT composition show potential in treating patients with neurological, psychiatric disorders, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, and digestive disorders. Some coherence between WDT in headache reduction and improvements in the quality of life in patients with migraines and TTH could be evaluated, showing positive results of WDT in these patients.

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“…Since ephedra and its preparations were prohibited for use in FS [44], the use of the alternative compound p-synephrine is rising. This phenylethylamine derivative with sympathomimetic action is present in weight loss and sports performance enhancement supplements prepared from bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) [165]. However, consumption of high amounts of synephrine also presents adverse cardiovascular effects concerns, especially in the common association with caffeine [166].…”

Section: Pharmacologically Active Ingredientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contaminants: a dark side of food supplements?

Costa

Vidović

Saraiva

et al. 2019

Free Radical Research

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Food supplements (FS) are often consumed as one of the strategies to fight ageing-associated pathologies, especially in the case of oxidative stress-related diseases. Despite the popularity of FS, some concerns about their quality and safety have been raised, especially regarding the presence of contaminants. This paper reviews and discusses the occurrence of contaminants in marketed samples of FS in the last two decades, considering both scientific literature and notifications registered on RASFF portal. The most relevant classes of contaminants were included namely metals, toxins, pesticides, dioxins and PCBs, as well as pharmacologically active ingredients. Variable amounts of contaminants were reported in a significant number of commercially available FS. Although the presence of contaminants does not necessarily mean that their levels exceed the regulatory limits or that the FS intake constitutes a risk to human health, it alerts for the need to further monitor FS safety. The evaluation of the risk associated to the consumption of FS, especially in the elderly population, is particularly challenging due to the frequent exposure to multiple toxicants and to different exposure sources, as well as due to possible pre-existing diseases and respective therapeutics. Therefore, improved quality control procedures and monitoring programs should be pursued in order to avoid undesirable products and assure the safety of FS.

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Effects of <em>p</em>-synephrine in combination with caffeine: a review

Cited by 10 publications

References 51 publications

Acute cardiovascular effects of bitter orange extract (p‐synephrine) consumed alone and in combination with caffeine in human subjects: A placebo‐controlled, double‐blind study

Acute cardiovascular effects of bitter orange extract (p‐synephrine) consumed alone and in combination with caffeine in human subjects: A placebo‐controlled, double‐blind study

Wen Dan Tang: A Potential Jing Fang Decoction for Headache Disorders?

Contaminants: a dark side of food supplements?

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