“…The topic remains a matter of debate. A positive, albeit modest, association between PPIs and OP was reported in animal [ 262 , 263 , 264 ] and numerous of human studies. Many studies and meta-analyses suggested that acid inhibitors, especially the PPIs, moderately increase risk of fractures, particularly in older adults (who are already at higher fracture risk); the risk increases with longer durations of PPI use, often only in the presence of at least one other RF for OP such as older age, female gender and a higher comorbidity score [ 265 , 266 , 267 , 268 , 269 , 270 , 271 , 272 , 273 , 274 , 275 , 276 , 277 , 278 , 279 , 280 , 281 , 282 , 283 , 284 , 285 , 286 , 287 , 288 , 289 , 290 ].…”