Effects of litter size on behavioral development in mice

Tanaka, Toyohito

doi:10.1016/s0890-6238(98)00045-8

Cited by 37 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…We assessed the ontogeny of selected neonatal reflexes along the first two-weeks of life, including cliff avoidance, surface righting, dorsal immobility and swimming behaviors as described elsewhere [11,12]. The cliff avoidance reflex test is used to assess the integration of exteroceptive input (vibrissae) and locomotor output, providing information concerning motor skills as well as sensory function and/or processing [13,14].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prolonged maternal separation induces undernutrition and systemic inflammation with disrupted hippocampal development in mice

et al. 2016

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Objective Prolonged maternal separation (PMS) in the first two weeks of life has been associated with poor growth with lasting effects in the brain structure and function. This study aimed to investigate whether PMS-induced undernutrition could cause systemic inflammation and changes in nutrition-related hormonal levels, affecting hippocampal structure and neurotransmission in C57BL/6J suckling mice. Methods This study assessed mouse growth parameters coupled with IGF-1 serum levels. In addition, leptin, adiponectin and corticosterone serum levels were measured following PMS. Hippocampal stereology and the amino acid levels were also assessed. Furthermore, we measured myelin basic protein and synapthophysin (SYN) expression in the overall brain tissue and hippocampal SYN immunolabeling. For behavioral tests, we analyzed the ontogeny of selected neonatal reflexes. PMS was induced by separating half the pups in each litter from their lactating dams for defined periods each day (4h on day 1, 8h on day 2, and 12h thereafter). A total of 67 suckling pups were used in this study. Results PMS induced significant slowdown in weight gain and growth impairment. Significant reductions in serum leptin and IGF-1 levels were found following PMS. Total CA3 area and volume were reduced, specifically affecting the pyramidal layer in PMS mice. CA1 pyramidal layer area was also reduced. Overall hippocampal SYN immunolabeling was lower, especially in CA3 field and dentate gyrus. Furthermore, PMS reduces hippocampal aspartate, glutamate, and GABA levels, as compared with unseparated controls. Conclusion Altogether, these findings suggest that PMS causes significant growth deficits and alterations in hippocampal morphology and neurotransmission.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prolonged maternal separation induces undernutrition and systemic inflammation with disrupted hippocampal development in mice

et al. 2016

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“…Behavioral studies, including cliff avoidance and swimming behaviors were conducted in the first two weeks of life and scored as described elsewhere [12,13]. The cliff avoidance reflex test [14,15] is used to assess the integration of exteroceptive input (vibrissae) and locomotor output, providing information concerning physical and motor development as well as sensory function and/or processing.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zinc and glutamine improve brain development in suckling mice subjected to early postnatal malnutrition

Ladd

Ribeiro

et al. 2010

Nutrition

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Objective-The effect of zinc and glutamine on brain development was investigated during the lactation period in Swiss mice.Methods-Malnutrition was induced by clustering the litter size from 6-7 pups/dam (nourished control) to 12-14 pups/dam (undernourished control) following birth. Undernourished groups received daily supplementation with glutamine by subcutaneous injections starting at day 2 and continuing until day 14. Glutamine (100 mM, 40-80μl) was used for morphological and behavioral studies. Zinc acetate was added in the drinking water (500 mg/L) to the lactating dams. Synaptophysin (SYN) and myelin basic protein (MBP) brain expressions were evaluated by immunoblot. Zinc serum and brain levels and hippocampal neurotransmitters were also evaluated. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.FVLD, AABLD, and AAMCR contributed with the stereological studies. SBCC, BPC, ICC, BBO, and CMCC contributed with the behavioral studies AAML, RLG, and RBO contributed with the study design, study analysis and manuscript preparation GAM and CECM contributed with neurochemical and zinc measurements. NIH Public Access Author ManuscriptNutrition. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2011 June 1. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptResults-Zinc with or without glutamine improved weight gain as compared to untreated, undernourished controls. In addition, zinc supplementation improved cliff avoidance and head position during swim behaviors especially on days 9 and 10. Using design-based stereological methods, we found a significant increase in the volume of CA1 neuronal cells in undernourished control mice, which was not seen in mice receiving zinc or glutamine alone or in combination. Undernourished mice given glutamine showed increased CA1 layer volume as compared with the other groups, consistent with the trend toward increased number of neurons. Brain zinc levels were increased in the nourished and undernourished-glutamine treated mice as compared to the undernourished controls on day 7. Undernourished glutamine-treated mice showed increased hippocampal GABA and SYN levels on day 14.Conclusion-We conclude that glutamine or zinc protects against malnutrition-induced brain developmental impairments.

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“…Litter size and sex composition affect development (Laviola and Terranova 1998;Tanaka 1998). Should litter size be adjusted if one strain produces significantly more pups per litter than another strain?…”

Section: Questions That Must Be Answered Before Using a Behavioral Bamentioning

confidence: 99%

Developing Standardized Behavioral Tests for Knockout and Mutant Mice

Brown

Stanford²,

Schellinck³

2000

ILAR Journal

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Effects of litter size on behavioral development in mice

Cited by 37 publications

References 26 publications

Prolonged maternal separation induces undernutrition and systemic inflammation with disrupted hippocampal development in mice

Prolonged maternal separation induces undernutrition and systemic inflammation with disrupted hippocampal development in mice

Zinc and glutamine improve brain development in suckling mice subjected to early postnatal malnutrition

Developing Standardized Behavioral Tests for Knockout and Mutant Mice

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