Effects of liquid properties on the dynamics of under-liquid laser-induced shock process

Planar head wave induced by pulsed laser ablation in liquid

“…The angle θ between the Hwave and solid-liquid interface is defined by: q = v v sin , l s / where v l and v s is the acoustic speed in the liquid and solid, respectively. 16) When using a graphite-coated target, we observed a wavefront that has not been reported in the literature. Figure 2 presents the ablation of a graphite-coated target from the 1st shot to the 3rd shot in water.…”

“…The measurement from images taken at 500 and 1000 ns delay times showed that the angle α between the planar H-wave and the solid-liquid interface was  0.006 0.002 radians. With the acoustic speed in water = v 1.490 l km s −1 , 16) we estimated that the X-wave speed was  250 70 km s −1 . Different from the primary shock wave, the X-wave did not propagate into the liquid but was confined to the target surface, similar to a surface acoustic wave (SAW).…”