“…Consequentially, infants fed with IFs are close to those fed with human milk. 7 However, owing to imperfections in the standards of IFs, the disparity in the ingredient composition between IFs and human milk, and the effects of processing methods, a considerable gap persists between the PL content of IFs and human milk. Currently, no established standards exist for regulating the addition of mole-cular species and the contents of PLs in international IFs.…”