Effects of light on direct and indirect defences against herbivores of young plants of Mallotus japonicus demonstrate a trade-off between two indirect defence traits

Abstract

These results suggest that direct defence traits function regardless of light conditions, but light conditions affected the development of indirect defence traits.

Different combinations of multiple defence traits in an extrafloral nectary‐bearing plant growing under various habitat conditions

“…Yamawo & Hada (2010) reported that the increase in EFN size and the decrease in food bodies occurred under high light conditions in young M. japonicus plants. Moreover, Yamawo, Hada & Suzuki (2012) and Yamawo et al (2012a) demonstrated that, in high soil nutrient and high moisture conditions, young M. japonicus increased EFNs and EF-nectar volume and decreased the densities of trichomes and pellucid dots.…”

The Ecology of Extrafloral Nectar in Senna mexicana var. chapmanii

“…For example, in light-rich and nutrient-poor conditions plants are expected to invest in carbon-based defenses, while in shaded but nutrient-rich conditions plants should invest more heavily in nitrogen-based defenses (Lerdau & Coley, 2002). Yamawo and Hada (2010) found that light intensity affected the trade-off between two indirect defenses in Mallotus japonicus. In low light conditions, both the size and the productivity of EFNs were reduced, but the production of pearl bodies was increased.…”

“…Extrafloral nectar production has been observed to increase in response to high light intensity (Yamawo &Hada 2010, Jones andKoptur 2015b). Furthermore the induction of EFN production, either through treatment with jasmonic acid (Radhika et al 2010) or through leaf damage , has been found to be dependent on , Lange et al 2013.…”

“…The tropical fire ant, Solenopsis geminata, for example, is particularly abundant in unshaded areas in Costa Rican coffee plantations (Perfecto & Vandermeer 1996). In addition to ant activity, light conditions have been found to affect EFN production in several species (Radhika et al 2010, Yamawo & Hada 2010, including S. chapmanii (Jones and Koptur 2015b). Yamawo and Hada (2010), for example, found that EFN production in Mallotus japonicus was increased at high light intensities.…”

“…In addition to ant activity, light conditions have been found to affect EFN production in several species (Radhika et al 2010, Yamawo & Hada 2010, including S. chapmanii (Jones and Koptur 2015b). Yamawo and Hada (2010), for example, found that EFN production in Mallotus japonicus was increased at high light intensities. Furthermore, observed that EFN production in passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) is downregulated in response to changes in light spectral quality that signal the proximity of other plants.…”