Effects of light intensity within the canopy on maize lodging

The objectives of this study were to explore the mechanism by which the lodging resistance of the rice population during the late growth period responds to low-temperature, overcast and rainy weather during the reproductive growth stage. Field experiments were conducted using indica rice Yliangyou2 (lodging-resistance variety), IIyou084 (lodging-susceptible variety) and japonica rice Wuyunjing23 (lodging-resistance variety) and W3668 (lodging- susceptible variety) in 2013 (high temperature and strong radiation during the rice reproductive growth stage), 2012 and 2014 (low temperature and weak radiation during rice reproductive growth stage). The results showed that the length of the basal internodes and the height of the gravitational centres were greater in plants grown in 2014. Dry weight of basal culms, culm diameter, lignin content and total content of structural carbohydrates (lignin and cellulose) in basal internodes were reduced in these plants, causing a significant reduction in the bending stress and lodging resistance of the rice stems. Low-temperature, overcast and rainy weather had a greater effect on lodging resistance in indica rice compared with japonica rice. This was reflected in a greater reduction in the lignin content of the indica rice stems, which yielded a significantly lower breaking strength and bending stress.

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“…Such reduction of lodging resistance has also been observed in maize23 and soybean24. A similar phenomenon was observed in this study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Impact of low-temperature, overcast and rainy weather during the reproductive growth stage on lodging resistance of rice

Weng¹,

Zhang

Wu³

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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“…Shading treatments decreased the dry weight per unit length and the rind penetration strength, suggesting that shading led to lower stem strength and increased lodging rates (Xue et al, 2016). In this study, shading during elongation up to the heading stage significantly reduced the stem-breaking strength and resulted in an increased lodging index.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shading Contributes to the Reduction of Stem Mechanical Strength by Decreasing Cell Wall Synthesis in Japonica Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

et al. 2017

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Low solar radiation caused by industrial development and solar dimming has become a limitation in crop production in China. It is widely accepted that low solar radiation influences many aspects of plant development, including slender, weak stems and susceptibility to lodging. However, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. To clarify how low solar radiation affects stem mechanical strength formation and lodging resistance, the japonica rice cultivars Wuyunjing23 (lodging-resistant) and W3668 (lodging-susceptible) were grown under field conditions with normal light (Control) and shading (the incident light was reduced by 60%) with a black nylon net. The yield and yield components, plant morphological characteristics, the stem mechanical strength, cell wall components, culm microstructure, gene expression correlated with cellulose and lignin biosynthesis were measured. The results showed that shading significantly reduced grain yield attributed to reduction of spikelets per panicles and grain weight. The stem-breaking strength decreased significantly under shading treatment; consequently, resulting in higher lodging index in rice plant in both varieties, as revealed by decreased by culm diameter, culm wall thickness and increased plant height, gravity center height. Compared with control, cell wall components including non-structural carbohydrate, sucrose, cellulose, and lignin reduced quite higher. With histochemical straining, shading largely reduced lignin deposition in the sclerenchyma cells and vascular bundle cells compared with control, and decreased cellulose deposition in the parenchyma cells of culm tissue in both Wuyunjing23 and W3668. And under shading condition, gene expression involved in secondary cell wall synthesis, OsPAL, OsCOMT, OsCCoAOMT, OsCCR, and OsCAD2, and primary cell wall synthesis, OsCesA1, OsCesA3, and OsCesA8 were decreased significantly. These results suggest that gene expression involved in the reduction of lignin and cellulose in both sclerenchyma and parenchyma cells, which attribute to lignin and cellulose in culm tissue and weak mechanical tissue, consequently, result in poor stem strength and higher lodging risks.Highlights:(1) Shading decreases the stem mechanical strength of japonica rice by decreasing non-structural carbohydrate, sucrose, lignin, and cellulose accumulation in culms.(2) The decrease of carbon source under shading condition is the cause for the lower lignin and cellulose accumulation in culm.(3) The expression of genes involved in lignin and primarily cell wall cellulose biosynthesis (OsCesA1, OsCesA3, and OsCesA8) at the stem formation stage are down-regulated under shading condition, inducing defective cell wall development and poor lodging resistance.

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“…The internode length ( Figure 4 ) for lower ranks was greater at high plant densities, PD9 and PD15, as compared with PD4.5, PD6, and PD7.5 for all cultivars. Plants grown under a crowded canopy received different quality of light, enriched with far-red (FR) and impoverished in red (R) radiations ( Tetio-Kagho and Gardner, 1988b : Sattin et al, 1994 ; Xue et al, 2016 ). This high FR/R ratio triggered many morphological changes in plant architecture, stimulating internode elongation, favoring apical dominance and decreasing internode diameter ( Troyer and Rosenbrook, 1991 ; Rajcan and Swanton, 2001 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the Effect of Increased Plant Density on Canopy Morphology and Stalk Lodging Risk

et al. 2018

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Plants react to the environment and to management interventions by undergoing architectural and structural modifications. A field trial was conducted in China in 2016 to study the effects of the plant population on morphological development of the maize canopy. The main objectives of the current study were (i) to characterize the effects of increased plant density on canopy morphology and stalk lodging and (ii) to explore the relationships between organ morphology and stalk lodging. The field experiment was composed of five plant densities (4.5, 6, 7.5, 9, and 15 plants m−2) of three cultivars: Zhengdan 958 (lodging-resistant cultivar), Longping 206 and Jinqiu 119 (lodging-susceptible cultivars). In response to plant densities of all the three cultivars, the lamina and sheath lengths increased in lower phytomers but decreased in upper phytomers. The lamina width and internode diameter decreased for all phytomers in response to plant densities for all the cultivars. The correlation between organ morphology, plant density and stalk lodging was linear. Data obtained from characterization used in this study (that is, canopy morphology, correlation of organ morphology with stalk lodging traits in response to various plant densities for different cultivars, etc.) will be useful in future modeling studies to predict the morphology characteristics of the canopy affected by interplant competition and stalk lodging.

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Effects of light intensity within the canopy on maize lodging

Cited by 118 publications

References 29 publications

Impact of low-temperature, overcast and rainy weather during the reproductive growth stage on lodging resistance of rice

Impact of low-temperature, overcast and rainy weather during the reproductive growth stage on lodging resistance of rice

Shading Contributes to the Reduction of Stem Mechanical Strength by Decreasing Cell Wall Synthesis in Japonica Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Characterization of the Effect of Increased Plant Density on Canopy Morphology and Stalk Lodging Risk

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