Effects of Light and Nutrient Availability on Leaf Mechanical Properties of Plantago major: A Conceptual Approach

Onoda, Yusuke; Schieving, Feike; Anten, Niels P. R.

doi:10.1093/aob/mcn013

Cited by 102 publications

(137 citation statements)

References 59 publications

(71 reference statements)

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“…These fi ndings are not surprising, considering the wealth of past literature showing fertilizer effects on plant traits and insect interactions (e.g., Campbell and Halama, 1993 ;Kersch and Fonseca, 2005 ;Muñoz et al, 2005 ;Adler et al, 2006 ;Muth et al, 2008 ;Onoda et al, 2008 ;Burkle and Irwin, 2010 ). The effect of soil nutrients on plants or plant-insect interactions is not always consistent, sometimes decreasing defenses ( Cornelissen and Stiling, 2006 ) or shifting allocation from growth to reproduction, leading to smaller plants ( Muñoz et al, 2005 ;Stiling and Moon, 2005 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Similarly, plant defense traits or nutritional value are often greater in plants with access to greater soil nutrients, light, and water ( Bryant et al, 1989 ;Dudt and Shure, 1994 ;Lower and Orians, 2003 ;Baraza et al, 2004 ;Hale et al, 2005 ;Onoda et al, 2008 ;Ingersoll et al, 2010 ), and both plant traits can signifi cantly affect leaf herbivory ( Herrera and Pellmyr, 2002 ;Hale et al, 2005 ;Gurevitch et al, 2006 ). In addition to defenses, plant traits such as turgor pressure, directly related to water availability, can also affect antagonists.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Abiotic conditions affect floral antagonists and mutualists of Impatiens capensis (Balsaminaceae)

Gorden

Adler

2013

American J of Botany

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• Premise of the study: While the effect of abiotic factors on leaf herbivory is well known, the relative importance of abiotic conditions influencing both mutualists and antagonists is less well understood. Species interactions could enhance or reduce the direct effects of abiotic factors, depending on how mutualists and antagonists respond to abiotic conditions.• Methods: We manipulated soil nutrients and shade in a factorial design and measured soil moisture in the annual Impatiens capensis. We then measured interactions with mutualists (two pollinating species) and antagonists (herbivores, florivores, nectar thieves, and flower bud gallers), as well as plant growth, floral rewards, and plant reproduction.• Key results: Fertilizer increased plant growth, floral attractiveness, mutualist and antagonist interactions, and plant reproduction. Shade had no effects, and soil moisture was negatively associated with plant growth and reproduction. All effects were additive. Mutualist and antagonist floral interactions both increased on fertilized plants, but antagonists increased at a greater rate, leading to a larger ratio of antagonist to mutualist interactions on fertilized plants. Despite having more antagonists, fertilized plants still had significantly higher reproduction, suggesting higher tolerance to antagonists.• Conclusions: Abiotic effects can have consistent effects on antagonists and mutualists, and on both floral and leaf antagonists. However, tolerance to antagonisms increased in favorable conditions. Thus, the direct positive effects of favorable abiotic conditions on plants outweighed negative indirect effects via increased antagonisms, which may lead to selection to grow in high‐nutrient microsites in spite of increased herbivory.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Abiotic conditions affect floral antagonists and mutualists of Impatiens capensis (Balsaminaceae)

Gorden

Adler

2013

American J of Botany

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“…Leaf toughness was measured at the middlemost leaf of each plant after 16 weeks of growth using a punch and die method on an Instron 4000 according to Onoda et al (2008) (Fig. 2).…”

Section: Leaf Toughness Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enemies lost: parallel evolution in structural defense and tolerance to herbivory of invasive Jacobaea vulgaris

et al. 2015

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According to the Shifting Defense Hypothesis, invasive plants should trade-off their costly quantitative defense to cheaper qualitative defense and growth due to the lack of natural specialist enemies and the presence of generalist enemies in the introduced areas. Several studies showed that plant genotypes from the invasive areas had a better qualitative defense than genotypes from the native area but only a few studies have focused on the quantitative defenses and tolerance ability. We compared structural defenses, tolerance and growth between invasive and native plant populations from different continents using the model plant Jacobaea vulgaris. We examined several microscopical structure traits, toughness, amount of cell wall proteins, growth and root-shoot ratio, which is a proxy for tolerance. The results show that invasive Jacobaea vulgaris have thinner leaves, lower leaf mass area, lower leaf cell wall protein contents and a lower root-shoot ratio than native genotypes. It indicates that invasive genotypes have poorer structural defense and tolerance to herbivory but potentially higher growth compared to native genotypes. These findings are in line with the Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability hypothesis and Shifting Defense Hypothesis. We also show that the invasiveness of this species in three geographically separated regions is consistently associated with the loss of parts of its quantitative defense and tolerance ability. The simultaneous change in quantitative defense and tolerance of the same magnitude and direction in the three invasive regions can be explained by parallel evolution. We argue that such parallel evolution might be attributed to the absence of natural enemies rather than adaptation to local abiotic factors, since climate conditions among these three regions were different. Understanding such evolutionary changes helps to understand why plant species become invasive and might be important for biological control.

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“…The machine simultaneously records force (N) applied to a sample and displacement (mm) (every 50 ms). Onoda et al (2008) and we only describe it briefly here. The punch and die were installed into the universal testing machine and the punch (diameter = 1.345 mm) was placed to go through the middle of the hole (0.2 mm clearance) of the die without any friction at the speed of 0.42 mm s )1 .…”

Section: Mechanical Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several mechanical traits were calculated from the force-displacement curve (see Fig. 1 in Onoda et al (2008)). Maximum force per unit circumference of the punch was defined as force to punch (F p ), and F p divided by lamina thickness was defined as specific force to punch (F ps ).…”

Section: Mechanical Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wind and mechanical stimuli differentially affect leaf traits in Plantago major

et al. 2010

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Summary• Analysing plant phenotypic plasticity in response to wind is complicated as this factor entails not only mechanical stress but also affects leaf gas and heat exchange.• We exposed Plantago major plants to brushing (mechanical stress, MS) and wind (MS and air flow) and determined the effects on physiological, morphological and mechanical characteristics of leaf petioles and laminas as well as on growth and biomass allocation at the whole-plant level.• Both MS and wind similarly reduced growth but their effects on morphological and mechanical plant traits were different. MS induced the formation of leaves with more slender petioles, and more elliptic and thinner laminas, while wind tended to evoke the opposite response. These morphological and mechanical changes increased lamina and petiole flexibility in MS plants, thus reducing mechanical stress by reconfiguration of plant structure. Responses to wind, on the other hand, seemed to be more associated with reducing transpiration.• These results show that responses to mechanical stress and wind can be different and even in the opposite direction. Plant responses to wind in the field can therefore be variable depending on overall environmental conditions and plant characteristics.

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Effects of Light and Nutrient Availability on Leaf Mechanical Properties of Plantago major: A Conceptual Approach

Abstract: The consequences of a reduced LMA for punch strength in shaded leaves was partially compensated for by a mechanically more efficient design, which, it is suggested, contributes importantly to resisting mechanical stress under carbon-limited conditions.

Cited by 102 publications

References 59 publications

Abiotic conditions affect floral antagonists and mutualists of Impatiens capensis (Balsaminaceae)

Abiotic conditions affect floral antagonists and mutualists of Impatiens capensis (Balsaminaceae)

Enemies lost: parallel evolution in structural defense and tolerance to herbivory of invasive Jacobaea vulgaris

Wind and mechanical stimuli differentially affect leaf traits in Plantago major

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