Effects of lifestyle modifications on C-reactive protein: contribution of weight loss and improved aerobic capacity

Jae, Sae Young; Fernhall, Bo; Heffernan, Kevin S.; Jeong, Mihye; Chun, Eun Mi; Sung, Jidong; Lee, Sun Hee; Lim, Yun Jeong; Park, Won Hah

doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2006.02.010

Cited by 51 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 48 publications

(93 reference statements)

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“…In healthy men and women, indices of vagus nerve activity have been shown to be significantly and inversely related to IL-6 and C-reactive protein levels (5,6), and interventions that increase vagus nerve activity (such as exercise, controlled breathing, fish oil consumption, and relaxation therapies) suppress proinflammatory cytokine release (5,(7)(8)(9)(10). These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway exerts a tonic inhibitory influence on innate immune responses.…”

supporting

confidence: 71%

Cholinergic Receptors Modulate Immune Complex–Induced Inflammation In Vitro and In Vivo

Vukelic

Qing

Redecha

et al. 2013

The Journal of Immunology

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Cholinergic neural output has been shown to modulate innate immune responses to infection, injury and ischemia through stimulation of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7nAChR) on mononuclear phagocytes. We tested the hypothesis that cholinergic neurotransmitters, similar to those released through activation of a neural reflex, regulate responses to products of the adaptive immune system, specifically immune complex (IC)–mediated activation of effector cells. In this study, we show that stimulation of α7nAChR on human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and blood mononuclear phagocytes in vitro attenuates C5aR- and FcγR-triggered generation of reactive oxygen species, expression of leukocyte markers involved in cell recruitment and adhesion, and release of TNF-α and other proinflammatory cytokines. We show that this pathway is operative in vivo. Ligation of cholinergic receptors blunts IC-triggered responses in the reverse peritoneal Arthus reaction in mice. The selective 7nAChR agonist GTS21 decreased PMN accumulation and release of cytokines and chemokines at sites of IC deposition. In addition, mice lacking α7nAChR had exaggerated responses to reverse peritoneal Arthus reaction characterized by increased infiltration of PMNs and elevated of levels of TNF-α and CXCL1 in peritoneal fluid compared with wild-type mice. Taken together, these findings suggest that cholinergic output has the potential to exert tonic inhibitory activity that dampens responses to ICs and C5a and thus may be a target to minimize tissue damage in autoimmune diseases.

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supporting

confidence: 71%

Cholinergic Receptors Modulate Immune Complex–Induced Inflammation In Vitro and In Vivo

Vukelic

Qing

Redecha

et al. 2013

The Journal of Immunology

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“…52 Church et al 53 reported that sedentary men and women who were in the top tertile for weight loss and DEXA-measured body fat experienced the largest decrease in hsCRP due to exercise. 62 Similarly, Jae et al 62 found that participants in the top two highest quartiles of weight loss had the greatest reduction in hsCRP due to an exercise intervention and Stewart, Earnest, Blair, & Church 37 found that participants in the highest quartile for weight loss had the greatest reduction in hsCRP. Women who lost 5% of their body weight due to an exercise and/or exercise plus diet intervention were found to have a significant decrease in hsCRP versus controls.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Effects of exercise on c-reactive protein in healthy patients and in patients with heart disease: A meta-analysis

et al. 2016

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Decreases in circulating hsCRP have been associated with increased physical activity and exercise training, although the ability of exercise interventions to reduce hsCRP and which individuals benefit the most remains unclear. This meta-analysis evaluates the ability of exercise to reduce hsCRP levels in healthy individuals and in individuals with heart disease. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted that included exercise interventions trials from 1995 to 2012. Forty-three studies were included in the final analysis for a total of 3575 participants. Exercise interventions significantly reduced hsCRP (standardized mean difference −0.53 mg/L; 95% CI, −0.74 to −0.33). Results of sub-analysis revealed no significant difference in reductions in hsCRP between healthy adults and those with heart disease (p = .20). Heterogeneity between studies could not be attributed to age, gender, intervention length, intervention type, or inclusion of diet modification. Exercise interventions reduced hsCRP levels in adults irrespective of the presence of heart disease.

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“…Exercise reduces levels of TNF and other cytokines, confers protection against cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, increases vagus nerve activity, and confers protection against the development of atherosclerosis (84)(85)(86)(87)(88)(89)(90). It is possible that the mechanism of these exercise effects is at least in part attributable to exercise-induced increases in cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway activity.…”

Section: Shedding Light On Ancient Concepts and Modern Clinical Problemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiology and immunology of the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway

Tracey¹

2007

J. Clin. Invest.

1,361

1,131

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Cytokine production by the immune system contributes importantly to both health and disease. The nervous system, via an inflammatory reflex of the vagus nerve, can inhibit cytokine release and thereby prevent tissue injury and death. The efferent neural signaling pathway is termed the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway. Cholinergic agonists inhibit cytokine synthesis and protect against cytokine-mediated diseases. Stimulation of the vagus nerve prevents the damaging effects of cytokine release in experimental sepsis, endotoxemia, ischemia/reperfusion injury, hemorrhagic shock, arthritis, and other inflammatory syndromes. Herein is a review of this physiological, functional anatomical mechanism for neurological regulation of cytokine-dependent disease that begins to define an immunological homunculus.

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Effects of lifestyle modifications on C-reactive protein: contribution of weight loss and improved aerobic capacity

Cited by 51 publications

References 48 publications

Cholinergic Receptors Modulate Immune Complex–Induced Inflammation In Vitro and In Vivo

Cholinergic Receptors Modulate Immune Complex–Induced Inflammation In Vitro and In Vivo

Effects of exercise on c-reactive protein in healthy patients and in patients with heart disease: A meta-analysis

Physiology and immunology of the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway

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