Effects of lexicality and trigram frequency on handwriting production in children and adults

Zesiger, Pascal; Mounoud, Pierre; Hauert, Claude-Alain

doi:10.1016/0001-6918(93)90020-r

Cited by 58 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Dysfluency concerned the absolute velocity disturbances (i.e., the number of velocity extrema) per letter. When disturbances occur in the absolute velocity pattern, motoric impulses interrupt the ballistic manner in which a handwriting stroke is normally produced (Meulenbroek & Van Galen, 1988Zesiger et al, 1993). Dysfluency values excluded the velocity dips at the borders of the cut segments.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This kind of analysis is very important for this study because the children's productions are observed longitudinally. Absolute duration and dysfluency decrease as the child grows up Mojet, 1991;Zesiger et al, 1993).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Movement time is used in most studies investigating the linguistic aspects of handwriting production (Bogaerts, Meulenbroek, & Thomassen, 1996;Kandel et al, in press;Kandel & Valdois, in press a and b;Mojet, 1991;Van Galen, 1991;Van Galen, Meulenbroek, & Hylkema, 1986;Zesiger, Mounoud, & Hauert, 1993;Zesiger, Orliaguet, Boe¨, & Mounoud, 1994). According to Van Galen's (1991) model, handwriting is the result of a series of modules organised in a hierarchical structure.…”

Section: The Analysis Of Handwriting Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When various modules of different representational levels are active simultaneously, and because processing capacities are limited, there is a supplementary cognitive load that results in an increase in movement duration and trajectory length. Some studies on children's handwriting also used movement dysfluency as an indicator of a supplementary processing load during parallel processing (Meulenbroek & Van Galen, 1988Mojet, 1991;Zesiger et al, 1993). Dysfluency refers to the disturbances of the movement that appear in the velocity profile.…”

Section: The Analysis Of Handwriting Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Graphemes as Motor Units in the Acquisition of Writing Skills

et al. 2006

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This study examined whether the graphemic structure of words modulates the timing of handwriting production during the acquisition of writing skills. This is particularly important during the acquisition period because phonological recoding skills are determinant in the elaboration of orthographic representations. First graders wrote seven-letter bi-syllabic words on a digitiser. We measured movement duration and fluency and evaluated reading performance. In Experiment 1, the words varied in number of graphemes and grapheme structure. In Experiment 2, the words varied in graphemic structure but the number of graphemes was held constant. The results revealed that the children wrote the first syllable of the words grapheme-by-grapheme, irrespective of the number of letters that composed them. They prepared the movement to produce the first grapheme before starting to write. The following graphemes were processed on-line. They then prepared the movement to write the second syllable. The progressive decrease of duration and dysfluency values towards the end of the word indicates that the children prepared the entire syllable in advance. Movement time and dysfluency measures presented very similar patterns in the two experiments. Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between reading performance and handwriting measures. The grapheme and syllable structure of the words therefore modulates the timing of motor production during handwriting acquisition. Once the children have learned the phonological recoding rules, they apply them systematically, irrespectively of the size of the graphemes they have to write.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Analysis Of Handwriting Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Analysis Of Handwriting Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Graphemes as Motor Units in the Acquisition of Writing Skills

et al. 2006

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“…Then we segmented the words into their letter constituents so we could obtain data on the timing of the movement that produced each letter. We focused on letter duration because it is a very sensitive measure that is widely used in studies investigating the linguistic components of handwriting production (Bogaerts et al, 1996;, 1989Mojet, 1991;Orliaguet & Boë, 1993;Van Galen, 1991;Van Galen, Meulenbroek, & Hylkema, 1986;Zesiger, Mounoud, & Hauert, 1993;Zesiger, Orliaguet, Boë, & Mounoud, 1994). Letter duration refers to the time the participants took to write a letter.…”

Section: Data Processing and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Processing complex graphemes in handwriting production

Kandel

Spinelli

2010

Memory & Cognition

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762Many studies of handwriting production implicitly or explicitly assume that writing a word consists merely of producing one letter after the other. For this reason, Van Galen's (1991) model of handwriting production postulated that we memorize and recall the spelling of words as abstract linear sequences that exclusively encode information on letter identity and order. The handwriting system would activate the orthographic representations of words such as set and sea as S 1 E 2 T 3 and S 1 E 2 A 3 and would provide these linear strings as inputs to the motor modules that deal with the programming of the movements needed to write them. According to this rationale, the timing of the production of E 2 should be equivalent for the two words, because they have the same identity and order. In a different perspective, the way we produce the movements to write E 2 could depend on the linguistic status of the letter chunk in which it is embedded. In sea, E 2 cannot be dissociated from a, because it belongs to a specific ea letter chunk that represents the phoneme / /. E 2 in set simply represents the phoneme / /. This tendency to group small units into bigger chunks is a well-known phenomenon that is particularly efficient for memorization (cf. Jenkins & Russel, 1952). The idea that, in writing processes, we recover the spelling of words by activating letter chunks is therefore quite appealing. The goal of this study was to provide evidence that the timing of the production of E 2 in set and sea should be different, because in set there is a one-to-one relationship between phonemes and letters, whereas in sea, this relationship is not straightforward and is more complex. If we generate letter chunks that represent phonemes, we could optimize the recall of spelling in a more linguistically oriented fashion.When a letter represents a phoneme, it is referred to as a grapheme. Coltheart (1978) defined graphemes as the written representation of phonemes. One-letter graphemes such as E 2 in set are simple graphemes, and letter chunks such as EA in sea are complex graphemes. So, to write sea-a three-letter but two-grapheme word-we should activate S 1 EA 2 and then "unwrap" the EA chunk into E and A for serial production. This conception of handwriting supposes that orthographic representations would not consist merely of linear letter strings encoding information on letter identity and order. They could be multilevel structures that encode information on letter chunks that obey phonological coherence.This idea is not new and was introduced by Caramazza and Miceli in 1990 on the basis of neuropsychological data. These authors presented a case study of an Italian Recent studies on handwriting production and neuropsychological data have suggested that orthographic representations are multilevel structures that encode information on letter identity and order, but also on intermediate-grained processing units such as syllables and morphemes. This study on handwriting production examined whether orthographic representations also ...

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Functional specificity in the motor system: Evidence from coupled fMRI and kinematic recordings during letter and digit writing

et al. 2014

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A few intriguing neuropsychologial studies report dissociations where agraphic patients are severely impaired for writing letters whereas they write digits nearly normally. Here, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) together with graphic tablet recordings, we tested the hypothesis that the motor patterns for writing letters are coded in specific regions of the cortex. We found a set of three regions that were more strongly activated when participants wrote letters than when they wrote digits and whose response was not explained by low-level kinematic features of the graphic movements. Two of these regions (left dorsal premotor cortex and supplementary motor complex) are part of a motor control network. The left premotor activation belongs to what is considered in the literature a key area for handwriting. Another significant activation, likely related to phoneme-to-grapheme conversion, was found in the right anterior insula. This constitutes the first neuroimaging evidence of functional specificity derived from experience in the cortical motor system.

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Effects of lexicality and trigram frequency on handwriting production in children and adults

Cited by 58 publications

References 8 publications

Graphemes as Motor Units in the Acquisition of Writing Skills

Graphemes as Motor Units in the Acquisition of Writing Skills

Processing complex graphemes in handwriting production

Functional specificity in the motor system: Evidence from coupled fMRI and kinematic recordings during letter and digit writing

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