Effects of Large-Scale Mountains on Surface Climate. A Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere General Circulation Model Study.

Kitoh, Akio

doi:10.2151/jmsj.80.1165

Cited by 68 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…To understand the impact of initial conditions on surface pressure, we conducted simulations in which the model was started from a state of rest (and constant surface pressure equal to its globally averaged value in the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis). We found that the simulations were largely insensitive to these initial conditions (Kitoh, 2002, has also arrived at a similar conclusion in their coupled simulations). Hence, we have used identical initial conditions for both control and sensitivity simulations.…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 79%

Theoretical aspects of the onset of Indian summer monsoon from perturbed orography simulations in a GCM

2006

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Abstract.A theory is proposed to determine the onset of the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) in an Atmospheric General Circulation Model (AGCM). The onset of ISM is delayed substantially in the absence of global orography. The impact of orography over different parts of the Earth on the onset of ISM has also been investigated using five additional perturbed simulations. The large difference in the date of onset of ISM in these simulations has been explained by a new theory based on the Surface Moist Static Energy (SMSE) and vertical velocity at the mid-troposphere. It is found that onset occurs only after SMSE crosses a threshold value and the large-scale vertical motion in the middle troposphere becomes upward. This study shows that both dynamics and thermodynamics play profound roles in the onset of the monsoon.

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 79%

Theoretical aspects of the onset of Indian summer monsoon from perturbed orography simulations in a GCM

2006

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“…The model used in this study is a global ocean-atmosphere coupled general circulation model which is a grid point model developed at MRI (MRI-CGCM1, Tokioka et al 1995). The horizontal resolution of the atmospheric model is 5 longitude and 4 latitude and the vertical resolution is 15 layers with an atmospheric top at 1 hPa.…”

Section: Model and Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most of the previous model studies conducted a comparison between mountain-run (M) and no-mountain run (NM) using an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) (Manabe and Terpstra 1974;Hahn and Manabe 1975;Tokioka and Noda 1986;Broccoli and Manabe 1992), or an atmosphere-ocean coupled GCM (CGCM) (Kitoh 1997;. However, these studies could not reveal to what degree the change of mountain height affect a climate and monsoon.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Asian summer monsoon may play an active role in the interannual variability of the atmosphere-ocean coupled system in the tropical Pacific through the east-west circulation (Yasunari 1990). Kutzbach et al (1993) and Kitoh (1997) have made experiments using an atmospheric general circulation model with a 50 m slab ocean model. In their studies, sea surface temperature (SST) distribution near the continents in mountain run was different from that in no-mountain run.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Evolution of the Asian Summer Monsoon Associated with Mountain Uplift-Simulation with the MRI Atmosphere-Ocean Coupled GCM-

Abe

Kitoh²,

Yasunari

2003

Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan

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Using the MRI global atmosphere-ocean coupled general circulation model, we had six simulations with different mountain heights, i.e., 0% (M0), 20% (M2), 40% (M4), 60% (M6), 80% (M8), and 100% (M, control run) of the present global orography, respectively, to study climate changes due to progressive mountain uplift. The changes of the Asian summer monsoon, with progressive mountain uplift is studied in this paper.An active convection region extends with mountain uplift to form a moist climate in South and East Asia. Monsoon circulation such as low-level westerly, and upper-level anticyclonic circulation, is also enhanced with mountain uplift. The increase in precipitation, and the enhancement of southwesterly, in the later stages of the mountain uplift, appear only over India and the south and southeastern slope of the Tibetan Plateau. Over the coastal region of Southeast and East Asia, where the maximum precipitation appears in M0, precipitation decreases gradually with mountain uplift, and the southwesterly in the later stages becomes weaker. In the connection with these changes, surface heat flux changes remarkably over moist Asia in the earlier stages of mountain uplift, compared with that in the later stages.

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“…In addition to the nu-merical experiments with and without mountains on a global scale (e.g., Manabe and Terpstra, 1974;Hahn and Manabe, 1975;Broccoli and Manabe, 1992;Kitoh, 1997Kitoh, , 2002Liu et al, 2003), there are a few simulations to address the sensitivity of climate to global mountain height. For instance, Kutzbach et al (1989) and Prell and Kutzbach (1992) conducted experiments without mountains, half mountains, and full mountains with the NCAR CCM series atmospheric models.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensitivity of East Asian climate to the progressive uplift and expansion of the Tibetan Plateau under the mid-Pliocene boundary conditions

Jiang

Ding

Drange³

et al. 2008

Adv. Atmos. Sci.

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A global atmospheric general circulation model has been used to perform eleven idealized numerical experiments, i.e., TP00, TP10, · · · , TP100, corresponding to different percentages of the Tibetan Plateau altitude. The aim is to explore the sensitivity of East Asian climate to the uplift and expansion of the Tibetan Plateau under the reconstructed boundary conditions for the mid-Pliocene about 3 Ma ago. When the plateau is progressively uplifted, global annual surface temperature is gradually declined and statistically significant cooling signals emerge only in the Northern Hemisphere, especially over and around the Tibetan Plateau, with larger magnitudes over land than over the oceans. On the contrary, annual surface temperature rises notably over Central Asia and most parts of Africa, as well as over northeasternmost Eurasia in the experiments TP60 to TP100. Meanwhile, the plateau uplift also leads to annual precipitation augmentation over the Tibetan Plateau but a reduction in northern Asia, the Indian Peninsula, much of Central Asia, parts of western Asia and the southern portions of northeastern Europe. Additionally, it is found that an East Asian summer monsoon system similar to that of the present initially exists in the TP60 and is gradually intensified with the continued plateau uplift. At 850 hPa the plateau uplift induces an anomalous cyclonic circulation around the Tibetan Plateau in summertime and two anomalous westerly currents respectively located to the south and north of the Tibetan Plateau in wintertime. In the mid-troposphere, similarto-modern spatial pattern of summertime western North Pacific subtropical high is only exhibited in the experiments TP60 to TP100, and the East Asian trough is steadily deepened in response to the progressive uplift and expansion of the Tibetan Plateau.

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Effects of Large-Scale Mountains on Surface Climate. A Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere General Circulation Model Study.

Cited by 68 publications

References 22 publications

Theoretical aspects of the onset of Indian summer monsoon from perturbed orography simulations in a GCM

Theoretical aspects of the onset of Indian summer monsoon from perturbed orography simulations in a GCM

An Evolution of the Asian Summer Monsoon Associated with Mountain Uplift-Simulation with the MRI Atmosphere-Ocean Coupled GCM-

Sensitivity of East Asian climate to the progressive uplift and expansion of the Tibetan Plateau under the mid-Pliocene boundary conditions

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