Effects of landscape configuration and composition on phylogenetic diversity of trees in a highly fragmented tropical forest

Matos, Fábio Antônio Ribeiro; Magnago, Luiz Fernando Silva; Gastauer, Markus; Carreiras, João M. B.; Simonelli, Marcelo; Meira‐Neto, João Augusto Alves; Edwards, David P.

doi:10.1111/1365-2745.12661

Cited by 64 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…The loss of forest bird phylogenetic richness in forest patches may be related to the loss of taxonomic richness (Carrara et al., ; Morante‐Filho et al., ), as branch lengths are expected to decrease when removing species from the community (Van Meerbeek, Helsen, & Hermy, ). Yet, the MPD of forest birds was not related to forest cover, suggesting that changes in species composition and richness along the forest cover gradient (see Morante‐Filho et al., ; Morante‐Filho, Arroyo‐Rodríguez, & Faria, ) occur randomly or uniformly across the phylogenetic tree, without affecting entire clades (Arroyo‐Rodríguez et al., ; Matos et al., ). Such a result is expected under a context of low phylogenetic conservatism in the traits that confer vulnerability to forest loss (Arroyo‐Rodríguez et al., ; Santos et al., ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Species richness is traditionally the most widely evaluated component of biodiversity in fragmented landscapes (Fahrig, ). However, to improve the success of conservation programmes, especially encompassing ecosystem services, we need to understand the phylogenetic responses of plants and animals to human‐induced disturbances (Arroyo‐Rodríguez et al., ; Matos et al., ; Santos et al., ). This is especially needed because evolutionary relationships within and among species may affect ecological processes and dynamics (Cadotte et al., ; Winter, Devictor, & Schweiger, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Second, the conservation value of forest sites located in more deforested landscapes should not be underrated. These sites are dominated by non‐forest birds that are as phylogenetically diverse as forest birds, and can therefore be important reservoirs of phylogenetic diversity (Matos et al., ). Despite the conservation value of deforested landscapes, we finally recommend that conservation initiatives should be focused on preventing further deforestation, especially in those areas that have a higher amount of forest cover.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Compensatory dynamics maintain bird phylogenetic diversity in fragmented tropical landscapes

Morante‐Filho

Arroyo‐Rodríguez

Andrade

et al. 2017

Journal of Applied Ecology

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Abstract1. Tropical forest loss can drive the extinction of forest-dependent species. Yet, nonforest species can proliferate in deforested landscapes, thus enabling communitylevel attributes (e.g. total abundance and richness) to be maintained in the remaining forest patches. Such compensatory dynamics have been, however, poorly investigated regarding the phylogenetic dimension of species diversity. Here, we assessed whether compensatory dynamics can stabilize the phylogenetic richness, divergence and structure of bird communities in response to forest loss in two regions in the Brazilian Atlantic forest, each under with different levels of land use intensification.2. We surveyed birds in 40 forest sites, and assessed the response of five phylogenetic metrics to forest cover measured in local (600-m radius) landscapes. We separately assessed the entire community, forest-dependent and non-forest-dependent species and used information-theoretic criteria to assess the effect of forest cover on each response variable. In particular, we evaluated the plausibility of four models: a null model (no effect of forest cover), a linear model, a power law model (nonlinear effect) and an analysis of covariance model (to assess whether the effect of forest cover differed between regions).3. Forest cover varied from 7% to 98%, and was positively related to the phylogenetic richness of forest-dependent species, but negatively related to the phylogenetic richness and divergence of non-forest birds, particularly in the more disturbed region. As consequence, the phylogenetic richness and divergence of the entire community were weakly related to forest cover.4. Forest birds were less phylogenetically clustered in sites surrounded by lower forest cover, but the phylogenetic structure of non-forest birds was independent of forest cover. Synthesis and applications.The phylogenetic impoverishment of forest-dependent birds is offset by the phylogenetic enrichment and divergence of non-forestdependent birds in severely tropical deforested landscapes. These compensatory dynamics suggest that both bird groups are important for safeguarding bird evolutionary diversity in human-modified landscapes. Although deforested landscapes are reservoirs of bird phylogenetic diversity, suggesting that ecosystem functioning may be maintained in these sites, preventing further deforestation is urgently needed to preserve forest birds and their key ecological roles in the ecosystem. | 257Journal of Applied Ecology MORANTE-FILHO ET AL. Although the changes in bird phylogenetic diversity in humanmodified tropical landscapes are poorly understood, there is evidence that wildlife-friendly farms (i.e. those that involve integrating biodiversity conservation and food production in the same land, Melo et al., 2013) show lower bird phylogenetic diversity than old-growth forests, and that forest patch isolation leads to the loss of more evolutionarily distinct bird species (Edwards et al., 2015). Bird phylogenetic diversity is, however, higher in diversified agricu...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Compensatory dynamics maintain bird phylogenetic diversity in fragmented tropical landscapes

Morante‐Filho

Arroyo‐Rodríguez

Andrade

et al. 2017

Journal of Applied Ecology

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“…Other authors have taken a more simplistic approach, inferring likely source-sink patterns on the basis of changes in abundance with increasing distance from likely source habitats [64,65]. For example, in cattle farming systems in the Colombian Andes, many bird and dung beetle species can persist in 'wildlife-friendly' low-intensity farmland, but their abundances decline rapidly with distance from contiguous forest edges [38,64].…”

Section: Moving Forwards: Redoubling Efforts To Detect Source-sink Pamentioning

confidence: 99%

Source-Sink Dynamics: a Neglected Problem for Landscape-Scale Biodiversity Conservation in the Tropics

Gilroy

Edwards

2017

Curr Landscape Ecol Rep

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Ecologists have long recognised that populations can persist in poor-quality habitats with below-replacement populationgrowthrates ('sinks') providedthereis continual immigration from areas with positive intrinsic growth ('sources'). Source-sink dynamics complicate the assessment of species-environment relationships, because species' presence or density can be poorly correlated with underlying population productivity. Yet, applied conservation research often uses presence or abundance data to assess species responses to environmental change, particularly in the tropics where few long-term ecological studies are established. This approach assumes that abundance data reliably indicate habitat quality, but in sinks, this assumption can be violated. We review the recent literature and identify a regional bias in reporting of source-sink phenomena, with 71% of the 210 studies considered coming from temperate regions, particularly Eurasia and North America. Very few studies come from tropical and subtropical biomes, where human-driven biodiversity loss is occurring most rapidly, with over 80% not providing strong evidence in the form of demographic, dispersal or molecular data.Source-sink studies in tropical regions have predominantly investigated populations exposed to hunting/exploitation, with few examining land-use change. We review policy-relevant arenas where better treatment of source-sink dynamics is a priority: spatial conservation planning, assessments of land-sparing versus land-sharing, the conservation value of selectively logged forests, and species distribution modelling. Finally, we discuss ways to improve understanding of source-sink dynamics, particularly in tropical regions. Failure to detect source-sink patterns across the hyperdiverse tropics could limit the efficacy of conservation practice, leading us to underestimate the severity of human impacts on biodiversity.

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“…, Matos et al. ) based on empirical data and model expectations. The previous authors found that the Edge habitat characteristics (microclimate, light, etc.)…”

Section: Examplementioning

confidence: 99%

Deciphering the enigma of undetected species, phylogenetic, and functional diversity based on Good‐Turing theory

Chao

Chiu

Colwell

et al. 2017

Ecology

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Estimating the species, phylogenetic, and functional diversity of a community is challenging because rare species are often undetected, even with intensive sampling. The Good-Turing frequency formula, originally developed for cryptography, estimates in an ecological context the true frequencies of rare species in a single assemblage based on an incomplete sample of individuals. Until now, this formula has never been used to estimate undetected species, phylogenetic, and functional diversity. Here, we first generalize the Good-Turing formula to incomplete sampling of two assemblages. The original formula and its two-assemblage generalization provide a novel and unified approach to notation, terminology, and estimation of undetected biological diversity. For species richness, the Good-Turing framework offers an intuitive way to derive the non-parametric estimators of the undetected species richness in a single assemblage, and of the undetected species shared between two assemblages. For phylogenetic diversity, the unified approach leads to an estimator of the undetected Faith's phylogenetic diversity (PD, the total length of undetected branches of a phylogenetic tree connecting all species), as well as a new estimator of undetected PD shared between two phylogenetic trees. For functional diversity based on species traits, the unified approach yields a new estimator of undetected Walker et al.'s functional attribute diversity (FAD, the total species-pairwise functional distance) in a single assemblage, as well as a new estimator of undetected FAD shared between two assemblages. Although some of the resulting estimators have been previously published (but derived with traditional mathematical inequalities), all taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity estimators are now derived under the same framework. All the derived estimators are theoretically lower bounds of the corresponding undetected diversities; our approach reveals the sufficient conditions under which the estimators are nearly unbiased, thus offering new insights. Simulation results are reported to numerically verify the performance of the derived estimators. We illustrate all estimators and assess their sampling uncertainty with an empirical dataset for Brazilian rain forest trees. These estimators should be widely applicable to many current problems in ecology, such as the effects of climate change on spatial and temporal beta diversity and the contribution of trait diversity to ecosystem multi-functionality.

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Effects of landscape configuration and composition on phylogenetic diversity of trees in a highly fragmented tropical forest

Cited by 64 publications

References 70 publications

Compensatory dynamics maintain bird phylogenetic diversity in fragmented tropical landscapes

Compensatory dynamics maintain bird phylogenetic diversity in fragmented tropical landscapes

Source-Sink Dynamics: a Neglected Problem for Landscape-Scale Biodiversity Conservation in the Tropics

Deciphering the enigma of undetected species, phylogenetic, and functional diversity based on Good‐Turing theory

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