Effects of lake bottom mud on the movement and metabolism of<sup>14</sup>C‐phorate in a flooded soil‐plant system

Walter-Echols, Gerd; Liechtenstein, E.P.

doi:10.1080/03601237809372087

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Studies conducted previously in our laboratory dealt with the effects of lake bottom mud on the movement and metabolism of [14C]phorate in a soil-lake mud-water system (Walter-Echols and Lichtenstein, 1977and Lichtenstein, , 1978a. Phenomena related to the accumulation of the insecticide in Elodea nuttallii, a common macrophyte in North American lakes, have also been reported (Walter-Echols and Lichtenstein, 1978b) and were further investigated in this study relative to the effects of light and living plant tissues on the fate of [14C] phorate in water.…”

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confidence: 99%

Effects of light and the importance of living plant tissues on the fate of [14C]phorate in water and Elodea plants

Walter-Echols¹,

Lichtenstein²

1983

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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The importance of living plant tissues and light on the uptake and metabolism of [14C]phorate-derived residues from water by Elodea nuttallii plants was investigated. Plants growing for 2 weeks in water with a bottom deposit of [14C]phorate-treated soil accumulated in their tissues up to 30% of the originally soil-applied radiocarbon and 56% when the insecticide had been directly applied to the water. Most of the 14C-labeled compounds thus taken up were bound to plant tissues, which might explain the small amounts of radiocarbon released later from these plants into insecticide-free water. The uptake of insecticides from water was a function of the living plant, since dead plant tissues contained only small amounts (2.6% of that found in living plants) of 14C-labeled compounds after having been exposed for 72 h to [14C]phorate-contaminated water. Moreover, most of the [14C]phorate-derived compounds (38.4% of applied) were taken up by Elodea plants when exposed to light, while plants incubated in the dark contained only 9% of the radiocarbon originally applied to the water.Lakes and rivers are often contaminated with pesticide chemicals, after their use for soil and plant pest control.This contamination is to some extent a result of soil runoff due to heavy rainfall, causing a transport of soil particles previously contaminated with pesticide chemicals. In the case of relatively water soluble chemicals, transport of pesticides with water through soils (leaching) is also possible, in particular with sandy soils. Once water has been contaminated, plant and animal life as well as microorganisms within the water are exposed to these chemicals.Studies conducted previously in our laboratory dealt with the effects of lake bottom mud on the movement and metabolism of [14C]phorate in a soil-lake mud-water system (Walter-Echols andLichtenstein, 1977, 1978a). Phenomena related to the accumulation of the insecticide in Elodea nuttallii, a common macrophyte in North American lakes, have also been reported (Walter-Echols and Lichtenstein, 1978b) and were further investigated in this study relative to the effects of light and living plant tissues on the fate of [14C]phorate in water. MATERIALS AND METHODSChemicals.[methylene-14C]Phorate (sp act. 9.7 mCi/mmol) was obtained through the courtesy of American Cyanamid Co. The insecticide was diluted with nonradioactive phorate before its addition to soils or water.Nonradioactive phorate, phorate sulfoxide, phorate sulfone, phoratoxon sulfoxide, and phoratoxon sulfone were also obtained from the American Cyanamid Co. These chem-

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confidence: 99%

Effects of light and the importance of living plant tissues on the fate of [14C]phorate in water and Elodea plants

Walter-Echols¹,

Lichtenstein²

1983

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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“…In the case of the sulfoxide the reverse can occur also, i.e. the sulfoxide can be reduced by microbial action to phorate, particularly in flooded soil (Getzin and Shanks 1970;Walter-Echols and Lichtenstein 1977). The mobility of phorate in soil is limited, but the more water soluble sulfoxide and sulfone move more readily (Getzin and Suett 1971Suett , 1975; Schulz et al 1973; Lichtenstein et al 1974).…”

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“…Persistence studies generally indicate that phorate degrades relatively quickly in soil but that the sulfoxide and sulfone are more persistent. The persistence of phorate residues is dependent on soil and climatic factors and insecticide formulation, rate, and manner of application Chapman 1959, 1960;Hacskaylo et al 1961 Getzin and Shanks 1970;Menzer et al 1970; Suett 1971Suett , 1974Suett , 1975; Burns 1971;Schulz et al 1973;Lichtenstein et al 1973Lichtenstein et al , 1974Mithyantha and Perur 1974;Rajukkannu et al 1977;Walter-Echols and Lichtenstein 1978a;Ahmad et al 1979). Studies on the biological activity of phorate in soil have given contradictory results.…”

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confidence: 99%

Insecticidal Activity and Persistence of Phorate, Phorate Sulfoxide, and Phorate Sulfone in Soils

Harris¹,

Chapman²

1980

Can Entomol

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Laboratory tests indicated that phorate, phorate sulfoxide, and phorate sulfone were toxic contact insecticides with broad spectrum activity. In general, p. sulfoxide was most toxic to insects > p. sulfone > phorate. When compared with other insecticides using 24–48 h old field crickets, Acheta pennsylvanicus (Burmeister), as test insects, the three compounds were less toxic by direct contact than carbofuran and fensulfothion, but as or more toxic than aldrin. P. sulfoxide and p. sulfone were strongly inactivated in moist Plainfield sand and were not as insecticidally active in soil against crickets as phorate. Nevertheless, the sulfoxide arid sulfone in soil were intermediate in toxicity between carbofuran and fensulfothion. The insecticidal activity of phorate, p. sulfoxide, and p. sulfone in soil was influenced by soil type, moisture, and temperature. Fumigant toxicity tests indicated that the three compounds volatilized from soil. Chemical analysis showed p. sulfone was most persistent in sand and muck > p, sulfoxide > phorate. Oxidation was observed to be a major degradation reaction for phorate and p. sulfoxide in both soils. Parallel bioassay tests indicated that, in sand, the biological action of "phorate" was due to the joint action of the three compounds. In a field study phorate EC, applied as a broadcast application at 3.4 kg AI/ha and incorporated into the top 7–8 cm of soil was slightly more persistent in muck than in sand. More than 99% and 98% of the applied phorate and its oxidation products disappeared from the sand and muck, respectively, within a year of treatment, indicating that the residues were only moderately persistent under climatic conditions encountered in southwestern Ontario. Low residues of p. sulfoxide and p. sulfone were detected in radishes grown on both soils in the first year but none were present in the second year. No residues were detected in carrots grown on either soil.

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The Role of Terrestrial Microcosms and Mesocosms in Ecotoxicologic Research

Gillett

1989

Ecotoxicology: Problems and Approaches

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Effects of lake bottom mud on the movement and metabolism of¹⁴C‐phorate in a flooded soil‐plant system

Cited by 4 publications

References 4 publications

Effects of light and the importance of living plant tissues on the fate of [14C]phorate in water and Elodea plants

Effects of light and the importance of living plant tissues on the fate of [14C]phorate in water and Elodea plants

Insecticidal Activity and Persistence of Phorate, Phorate Sulfoxide, and Phorate Sulfone in Soils

The Role of Terrestrial Microcosms and Mesocosms in Ecotoxicologic Research

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Effects of lake bottom mud on the movement and metabolism of14C‐phorate in a flooded soil‐plant system

Cited by 4 publications

References 4 publications

Effects of light and the importance of living plant tissues on the fate of [14C]phorate in water and Elodea plants

Effects of light and the importance of living plant tissues on the fate of [14C]phorate in water and Elodea plants

Insecticidal Activity and Persistence of Phorate, Phorate Sulfoxide, and Phorate Sulfone in Soils

The Role of Terrestrial Microcosms and Mesocosms in Ecotoxicologic Research

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Effects of lake bottom mud on the movement and metabolism of¹⁴C‐phorate in a flooded soil‐plant system